The impact of extrinsic motivation and work-life balance on generation Y’s contentment of private sectors in Bangladesh
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol8iss1pp1-25Abstract
Background and Purpose: Generation Y employees often have frequent job dissatisfaction with the private sector, causing job-hopping. Dissatisfaction has been identified as being related to problems in the workplace and the family. Since the problems have not been highlighted much, this paper aims to investigate the impact of Work-Life Balance (WLB) on Generation Y's job satisfaction in Bangladesh's private sectors.
Methodology: This descriptive case study adopted a quantitative method to reach the research objectives. It used Smart Partial Least Square (PLS) to empirically test the model and mediating effects of the extrinsic motivational factors between work-life balance and job satisfaction. Data was collected through survey questionnaires with 24 items adopted from the previous studies; six from work-life balance, six from job satisfaction, and twelve from extrinsic motivation. A total of 500 usable samples were collected randomly from small private entrepreneur industries in Bangladesh.
Findings: The results showed a significant positive relationship between work-life balance, job satisfaction, and extrinsic motivation of Generation Y. In the case of ascertaining the mediating effect, the extrinsic factors are substantial. However, the proposed strategies for Gen Y’s job satisfaction and the mediating effects of extrinsic motivational factors have not been investigated in the Bangladeshi context or any other context.
Contributions: The findings and recommendations of this manuscript are valuable to the relevant parties, especially the stakeholders in the private sector. The government, leadership, and management are more likely to understand employees' job satisfaction among Generation Y in this study. The research outcomes help formulate and redesign job satisfaction strategies for organizational productivity and overall success. The study contributes to the body of knowledge by identifying the causal relationships of WLB, extrinsic motivational factors, and employees' job satisfaction among Generation Y.
Keywords: Extrinsic motivation, generation Y, job satisfaction, work-life balance.
References
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Burgelman, R. A. (1983). A model of the interaction of strategic behavior, corporate context, and the concept of strategy. Academy of Management Review, 8(1), 61-70.
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Cegarra-Leiva, D., Sánchez-Vidal, M. E., & Cegarra-Navarro, J. G. (2012). Work life balance and the retention of managers in Spanish SMEs. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(1), 91-108.
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generations-global-study.
Festing, M., & Schäfer, L. (2014). Generational challenges to talent management: A framework for talent retention based on the psychological-contract
perspective. Journal of World Business, 49(1), 262-271.
George, J. M., & Jones, G. R. (2008). Organisational behaviour. Pearson Publication.
Gilbert, G. L., & Walker, D. H. T. (2001). Motivation of Australian white-collar construction employees: A gender issue? Engineering, Construction and
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Glass, A. (2007). Understanding generational differences for competitive success. Industrial and Commercial Training, 39(2), 98-103.
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Hassan, M. M., Jambulingam, M., Narayan, E. A., Islam, S. N., & Zaman, A. U. (2021). Retention approaches of millennial at private sector: Mediating
role of job embeddedness. Global Business Review, 1(1), 1-27.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling.
Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135.
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44(1), 975-987.
Iden, R. L. (2016). Strategies for managing a multi-generational workforce. (Unpublished doctoral dissertations). Walden University, Minneapolis, USA.
Ilies, R., Wilson, K. S., & Wagner, D. T. (2009). The spillover of daily job satisfaction onto employees' family lives: The facilitating role of work-family
integration. Academy of Management Journal, 52(1), 87-102.
Islam, N., & Saha, G. (2016). Job satisfaction of bank officers in Bangladesh. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2856224
Islam, R., & Monzur, M. (2018). Job satisfaction of academic staff: An empirical research study on some selected private educational institute at Dhaka
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Johennesse, L. A. C., & Chou, T. K. (2017). Employee perceptions of talent management effectiveness on retention. Global Business and Management
Research: An International Journal, 9(3), 46-58.
Karatepe, O. M. (2012). Perceived organisational support, career satisfaction, and performance outcomes: A study of hotel employees in Cameroon.
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(5), 735-752.
Karatepe, O. M. (2013). The effects of work overload and work-family conflict on job embeddedness and job performance: The mediation of emotional
exhaustion. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25(4), 614-634.
Kerber, K. W., & Campbell, J. P. (1987). Job satisfaction: Identifying the important parts among computer sales and service personnel. Journal of
Business and Psychology, 1(4), 337-352.
Kultalahti, S., & Viitala, R. (2015). Generation Y – Challenging clients for HRM? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(1), 101-114.
Lalitha, C., & Singh, S. (2014). Employee retention: A strategic tool for organisation profitability. International Journal of Innovative Research and
Development, 3(12), 69-71.
Liu, D., Mitchell, T. R., Lee, T. W., Holtom, B. C., & Hinkin, T. R. (2012). When employees are out of step with coworkers: How job satisfaction trajectory
and dispersion influence individual-and unit-level voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 55(6), 1360-1380.
Lyons, S., & Kuron, L. (2013). Generational differences in the workplace: A review of the evidence and directions for future research. Journal of
Organizational Behavior, 35(1), S139–S157.
Lyons, S. T., Schweitzer, L., & Ng, E. S. (2015). How have careers changed? An investigation of changing career patterns across four generations.
Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(1), 8-21.
Majumder, M. T. H. (2012). Human resource management practices and employees' satisfaction towards private banking sector in Bangladesh.
International Review of Management and Marketing, 2(1), 52-58.
Mobley, W. H. (1977). Intermediate linkages in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62(2),
237-240.
Mueller, C. W., & Kim, S. W. (2008). The contented female worker: Still a paradox? In K. A. Hegtvedt & J. Clay-Warner (Eds.), Justice: Advances in group
processes volume 25 (pp. 117-150). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Nolan, L. S. (2015). The roar of millennials: Retaining top talent in the workplace. Journal of Leadership, Accountability & Ethics, 12(5), 69-75.
O'Neill, J. W., & Davis, K. (2011). Work stress and well-being in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(2), 385-390.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature
and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to
control it. Annual review of Psychology, 63(1), 539-569.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models.
Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891.
Qu, H., & Zhao, X. (2012). Employees' work–family conflict moderating life and job satisfaction. Journal of Business Research, 65(1), 22–28.
Rahman, M. M., & Iqbal, F. (2013). A comprehensive relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention of private commercial bank
employees in Bangladesh. International Journal of Science and Research, 2(6), 17-23.
Rahman, M. S., Hanifi, S., Khatun, F., Iqbal, M., Rasheed, S., Ahmed, T., & Bhuiya, A. (2017). Knowledge, attitudes and intention regarding mHealth in
generation Y: Evidence from a population based cross sectional study in Chakaria, Bangladesh. BMJ Open, 7(11), e016217.
Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J.-M. (2015). SmartPLS 3. SmartPLS GmbH.
Robinson, R. N., Kralj, A., Solnet, D. J., Goh, E., & Callan, V. (2014). Thinking job embeddedness not turnover: Towards a better understanding of
frontline hotel worker retention. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 36(1), 101-109.
Rubel, M. R. B., & Kee, D. M. H. (2014). Quality of work life and employee performance: Antecedent and outcome of job satisfaction in Partial Least
Square (PLS). World Applied Sciences Journal, 31(4), 456-467.
Rubel, M. R. B., Kee, D. M. H., & Rimi, N. N. (2017). The mediating role of work–family conflict on role stressors and employee turnover intention
relationship in labour-oriented organisations. Global Business Review, 18(6), 1384-1399.
Sadat, W. B., Rahman, M. T., Rahman, K. M., & Hawlader, R. (2016). Cost benefit analysis of RMG compliance to and new specialized RMG industry
zone. Bangladesh Priorities. https://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/sites/ default/files/ bin_shadat_rmg.pdf.
Schawbel, D. (2016). What employers will worry about in 2017. http://fortune. com/2016/12/28/employers-2017-employee-retentionunemployment/
Shabane, Z. W., Schultz, C. M., & van Hoek, C. E. (2017). Transformational leadership as a mediator in the relationship between satisfaction with
remuneration and the retention of artisans in the military. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(1), 1-9.
Spector, P. (2008). Industrial and organisational psychology: Research and practice (Fifth Ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Sulander, J., Sinervo, T., Elovainio, M., Heponiemi, T., Helkama, K., & Aalto, A. M. (2016). Does organizational justice modify the association between job
involvement and retirement intentions of nurses in Finland? Research in Nursing & Health, 39(5), 364-374.
Sullivan, G. M., & Feinn, R. (2012). Using effect size - or why the P value is not enough. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 4(3), 279-282.
Tsui, A. S., Nifadkar, S. S., & Ou, A. Y. (2007). Cross-national, cross-cultural organisational behavior research: Advances, gaps, and recommendations.
Journal of Management, 33(3), 426-478.
Timms, C., Brough, P., O'Driscoll, M., Kalliath, T., Siu, O. L., Sit, C., & Lo, D. (2015). Flexible work arrangements, work engagement, turnover intentions
and psychological health. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 53(1), 83-103.
Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. John Wiley and Sons Publications.
Wiggins, J. E. (2016). Generation Y leaders' motivation and retention within the service industry. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Walden
University.
Yang, J.-T., Wan, C.-S., & Fu, Y.-J. (2012). Qualitative examination of employee turnover and retention strategies in international tourist hotels in Taiwan.
International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(1), 837–848.
Zhao, X., Qu, H., & Ghiselli, R. (2011). Examining the relationship of work–family conflict to job and life satisfaction: A case of hotel sales managers.
International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(1) 46-54.
Zhao, X., & Namasivayam, K. (2012). The relationship of chronic regulatory focus to work–family conflict and job satisfaction. International Journal of
Hospitality Management, 31(1), 458–467.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. (2012). Statistical yearbook of Bangladesh 2012. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Government of the Peoples of Republic Bangladesh.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychology research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Bibi, P., Pangil, F., Johari, J., & Ahmad, A. (2017). The impact of compensation and promotional opportunities on employee retention in academic institutions: The moderating role of work environment. International Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(1), 378-391.
Burgelman, R. A. (1983). A model of the interaction of strategic behavior, corporate context, and the concept of strategy. Academy of Management Review, 8(1), 61-70.
Burnett, M. J. (2018). Strategies to reduce employee turnover in the durable goods industry. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Walden University.
Cegarra-Leiva, D., Sánchez-Vidal, M. E., & Cegarra-Navarro, J. G. (2012). Work life balance and the retention of managers in Spanish SMEs. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(1), 91-108.
Cohen J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioural Sciences (3rd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Deloitte. (2018). The 2018 Deloitte millennial survey: Millennials' confidence in business, loyalty to employers deteriorate.
https://www2.deloitte.com/tr/en/pages/about-deloitte/articles/millennialsurvey-2018.html
Ernst & Young. (2015). Global generations, 26. http://www.ey.com/us/en/about-us/our-people-and-culture/ey-work-life-challenges-across-
generations-global-study.
Festing, M., & Schäfer, L. (2014). Generational challenges to talent management: A framework for talent retention based on the psychological-contract
perspective. Journal of World Business, 49(1), 262-271.
George, J. M., & Jones, G. R. (2008). Organisational behaviour. Pearson Publication.
Gilbert, G. L., & Walker, D. H. T. (2001). Motivation of Australian white-collar construction employees: A gender issue? Engineering, Construction and
Architectural Management, 88(1), 59-66.
Glass, A. (2007). Understanding generational differences for competitive success. Industrial and Commercial Training, 39(2), 98-103.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Sage.
Hassan, M. M., Jambulingam, M., Narayan, E. A., Islam, S. N., & Zaman, A. U. (2021). Retention approaches of millennial at private sector: Mediating
role of job embeddedness. Global Business Review, 1(1), 1-27.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling.
Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135.
Holtom, B. C., Mitchell, T. R., Lee, T. W., & Eberly, M. B. (2008). Chapter 5 - Turnover and retention research: A glance at the past, a closer review of the
present, and a venture into the future. Academy of Management Annals, 2(1), 231-274.
Hom, P., & Kinicki, A. J. (2001). Toward a greater understanding of how dissatisfaction drives employee turnover. Academy of Management Journal,
44(1), 975-987.
Iden, R. L. (2016). Strategies for managing a multi-generational workforce. (Unpublished doctoral dissertations). Walden University, Minneapolis, USA.
Ilies, R., Wilson, K. S., & Wagner, D. T. (2009). The spillover of daily job satisfaction onto employees' family lives: The facilitating role of work-family
integration. Academy of Management Journal, 52(1), 87-102.
Islam, N., & Saha, G. (2016). Job satisfaction of bank officers in Bangladesh. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2856224
Islam, R., & Monzur, M. (2018). Job satisfaction of academic staff: An empirical research study on some selected private educational institute at Dhaka
City Corporation. Global Journal of Management and Business Research: An Administration and Management, 18(3), 9-15.
Johennesse, L. A. C., & Chou, T. K. (2017). Employee perceptions of talent management effectiveness on retention. Global Business and Management
Research: An International Journal, 9(3), 46-58.
Karatepe, O. M. (2012). Perceived organisational support, career satisfaction, and performance outcomes: A study of hotel employees in Cameroon.
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(5), 735-752.
Karatepe, O. M. (2013). The effects of work overload and work-family conflict on job embeddedness and job performance: The mediation of emotional
exhaustion. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25(4), 614-634.
Kerber, K. W., & Campbell, J. P. (1987). Job satisfaction: Identifying the important parts among computer sales and service personnel. Journal of
Business and Psychology, 1(4), 337-352.
Kultalahti, S., & Viitala, R. (2015). Generation Y – Challenging clients for HRM? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(1), 101-114.
Lalitha, C., & Singh, S. (2014). Employee retention: A strategic tool for organisation profitability. International Journal of Innovative Research and
Development, 3(12), 69-71.
Liu, D., Mitchell, T. R., Lee, T. W., Holtom, B. C., & Hinkin, T. R. (2012). When employees are out of step with coworkers: How job satisfaction trajectory
and dispersion influence individual-and unit-level voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 55(6), 1360-1380.
Lyons, S., & Kuron, L. (2013). Generational differences in the workplace: A review of the evidence and directions for future research. Journal of
Organizational Behavior, 35(1), S139–S157.
Lyons, S. T., Schweitzer, L., & Ng, E. S. (2015). How have careers changed? An investigation of changing career patterns across four generations.
Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(1), 8-21.
Majumder, M. T. H. (2012). Human resource management practices and employees' satisfaction towards private banking sector in Bangladesh.
International Review of Management and Marketing, 2(1), 52-58.
Mobley, W. H. (1977). Intermediate linkages in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62(2),
237-240.
Mueller, C. W., & Kim, S. W. (2008). The contented female worker: Still a paradox? In K. A. Hegtvedt & J. Clay-Warner (Eds.), Justice: Advances in group
processes volume 25 (pp. 117-150). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Nolan, L. S. (2015). The roar of millennials: Retaining top talent in the workplace. Journal of Leadership, Accountability & Ethics, 12(5), 69-75.
O'Neill, J. W., & Davis, K. (2011). Work stress and well-being in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(2), 385-390.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature
and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to
control it. Annual review of Psychology, 63(1), 539-569.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models.
Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891.
Qu, H., & Zhao, X. (2012). Employees' work–family conflict moderating life and job satisfaction. Journal of Business Research, 65(1), 22–28.
Rahman, M. M., & Iqbal, F. (2013). A comprehensive relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention of private commercial bank
employees in Bangladesh. International Journal of Science and Research, 2(6), 17-23.
Rahman, M. S., Hanifi, S., Khatun, F., Iqbal, M., Rasheed, S., Ahmed, T., & Bhuiya, A. (2017). Knowledge, attitudes and intention regarding mHealth in
generation Y: Evidence from a population based cross sectional study in Chakaria, Bangladesh. BMJ Open, 7(11), e016217.
Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J.-M. (2015). SmartPLS 3. SmartPLS GmbH.
Robinson, R. N., Kralj, A., Solnet, D. J., Goh, E., & Callan, V. (2014). Thinking job embeddedness not turnover: Towards a better understanding of
frontline hotel worker retention. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 36(1), 101-109.
Rubel, M. R. B., & Kee, D. M. H. (2014). Quality of work life and employee performance: Antecedent and outcome of job satisfaction in Partial Least
Square (PLS). World Applied Sciences Journal, 31(4), 456-467.
Rubel, M. R. B., Kee, D. M. H., & Rimi, N. N. (2017). The mediating role of work–family conflict on role stressors and employee turnover intention
relationship in labour-oriented organisations. Global Business Review, 18(6), 1384-1399.
Sadat, W. B., Rahman, M. T., Rahman, K. M., & Hawlader, R. (2016). Cost benefit analysis of RMG compliance to and new specialized RMG industry
zone. Bangladesh Priorities. https://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/sites/ default/files/ bin_shadat_rmg.pdf.
Schawbel, D. (2016). What employers will worry about in 2017. http://fortune. com/2016/12/28/employers-2017-employee-retentionunemployment/
Shabane, Z. W., Schultz, C. M., & van Hoek, C. E. (2017). Transformational leadership as a mediator in the relationship between satisfaction with
remuneration and the retention of artisans in the military. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(1), 1-9.
Spector, P. (2008). Industrial and organisational psychology: Research and practice (Fifth Ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Sulander, J., Sinervo, T., Elovainio, M., Heponiemi, T., Helkama, K., & Aalto, A. M. (2016). Does organizational justice modify the association between job
involvement and retirement intentions of nurses in Finland? Research in Nursing & Health, 39(5), 364-374.
Sullivan, G. M., & Feinn, R. (2012). Using effect size - or why the P value is not enough. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 4(3), 279-282.
Tsui, A. S., Nifadkar, S. S., & Ou, A. Y. (2007). Cross-national, cross-cultural organisational behavior research: Advances, gaps, and recommendations.
Journal of Management, 33(3), 426-478.
Timms, C., Brough, P., O'Driscoll, M., Kalliath, T., Siu, O. L., Sit, C., & Lo, D. (2015). Flexible work arrangements, work engagement, turnover intentions
and psychological health. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 53(1), 83-103.
Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. John Wiley and Sons Publications.
Wiggins, J. E. (2016). Generation Y leaders' motivation and retention within the service industry. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Walden
University.
Yang, J.-T., Wan, C.-S., & Fu, Y.-J. (2012). Qualitative examination of employee turnover and retention strategies in international tourist hotels in Taiwan.
International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(1), 837–848.
Zhao, X., Qu, H., & Ghiselli, R. (2011). Examining the relationship of work–family conflict to job and life satisfaction: A case of hotel sales managers.
International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(1) 46-54.
Zhao, X., & Namasivayam, K. (2012). The relationship of chronic regulatory focus to work–family conflict and job satisfaction. International Journal of
Hospitality Management, 31(1), 458–467.
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The impact of extrinsic motivation and work-life balance on generation Y’s contentment of private sectors in Bangladesh. (2023). Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS), 8(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol8iss1pp1-25
