Renewable energy development towards sustainable development goals: A review of Thailand's and the Philippines’ laws and policies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol9iss2pp1-33Abstract
Background and Purpose: Renewable energy (RE) is vital for sustainable energy access and climate change mitigation. Despite rising energy demand, Thailand and the Philippines have made limited progress in integrating RE into their energy portfolios. Both countries have implemented policies and projects aligned with Target 7 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which emphasizes affordable and sustainable energy for all. This study examines the effectiveness of legal and policy frameworks in overcoming barriers to RE development and supporting sustainable energy transitions.
Methodology: A comprehensive library-research methodology was employed, incorporating statutory and conceptual approaches. Key legislations, such as Thailand’s National Energy Policy Act (1992) and the Philippines’ Renewable Energy Act (2008), were reviewed to evaluate their alignment with sustainability principles and SDG commitments. The analysis focused on identifying regulatory gaps, financial barriers, and governance challenges within the RE landscape.
Findings: The findings indicate that, while RE presents significant potential for socioeconomic development and energy security, its growth is hindered by regulatory inefficiencies, financial constraints, and limited government support. Comprehensive legal frameworks and targeted incentives are essential to address these barriers and promote a transition to a sustainable energy mix.
Contributions: This study contributes to the discourse on RE governance by highlighting the need for robust policies, financial incentives, and stakeholder collaboration. It provides insights for policymakers to enhance RE adoption and achieve sustainable development goals in Thailand and the Philippines.
Keywords: Renewable energy, legal framework, policy, Thailand, Philippines.
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Kumar, S. (2016). Assessment of renewables for energy security and carbon mitigation in Southeast Asia: The case of Indonesia and Thailand. Applied Energy, 163, 63-70.
Kumar, S., Shrestha, P., & Salam, P. A. (2013). A review of biofuel policies in the major biofuel producing countries of ASEAN: Production, targets, policy drivers and impacts. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 26, 822-836.
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Pan, S. Y., Gao, M., Shah, K. J., Zheng, J., Pei, S. L., & Chiang, P. C. (2019). Establishment of enhanced geothermal energy utilization plans: Barriers and strategies. Renewable Energy, 132, 19-32.
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Ahmed, T., Mekhilef, S., Shah, R., Mithulananthan, N., Seyedmahmoudian, M., & Horan, B. (2017). ASEAN power grid: A secure transmission infrastructure for clean and sustainable energy for South-East Asia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 67, 1420-1435.
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Azhgaliyeva, D., Kapoor, A., & Liu, Y. (2020). Green bonds for financing RE and energy efficiency in South-East Asia: A review of policies. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 10(2), 113-140.
Bakhtyar, B., Sopian, K., Zaharim, A., Salleh, E., & Lim, C. H. (2013). Potentials and challenges in implementing feed-in tariff policy in Indonesia and the Philippines. Energy Policy, 60, 418-423.
Barroco, J., & Herrera, M. (2019). Clearing barriers to project finance for renewable energy in developing countries: A Philippines case study. Energy Policy, 135, 111008.
Bertheau, P. (2020). Supplying not electrified islands with 100 per cent renewable energy based micro grids: A geospatial and techno-economic analysis for the Philippines. Energy, 202(3), 117670.
Bertheau, P., Dionisio, J., Jütte, C., & Aquino, C. (2020). Challenges for implementing renewable energy in a cooperative-driven off-grid system in the Philippines. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 35, 333-345.
Blenkinsopp, T., Coles, S., & Kirwan, K. (2013). Renewable energy for rural communities in Maharashtra, India. Energy Policy, 60, 192-199.
Brahim, S. P. (2014). Renewable energy and energy security in the Philippines. Energy Procedia, 52, 480-486.
Bujang, A., Bern, C., & Brumm, T. (2016). Summary of energy demand and renewable energy policies in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53, 1459-1467.
Büyüközkan, G., Karabulut, Y., & Mukul, E. (2018). A novel renewable energy selection model for United Nations sustainable development goals. Energy, 165(A), 290-302.
Cergibozan, R. (2022). Renewable energy sources as a solution for energy security risk: Empirical evidence from OECD countries. Renewable Energy, 183(15), 617-626.
Chaichana, C., Wongsapai, W., Damrongsak, D., Ishihara, K. N., & Luangchosiri, N. (2017). Promoting community renewable energy as a tool for sustainable development in rural areas of Thailand. Energy Procedia, 141, 114-118.
Chaiyapa, W., Esteban, M., & Kameyama, Y. (2018). Why go green? Discourse analysis of motivations for Thailand's oil and gas companies to invest in renewable energy. Energy Policy, 120, 448-459.
Clemons, S. K. C., Salloum, C. R., Herdegen, K. G., Kamens, R. M., & Gheewala, S. H. (2021). Life cycle assessment of a floating photovoltaic system and feasibility for application in Thailand. Renewable Energy, 168(C), 448-462.
Dhakal, S., & Shrestha, S. (2021). Clean energy finance in the countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). In B. Susantono, Y. Zhai, R.M. Shrestha, & L. Mo (Eds.), Financing clean energy in developing Asia (pp. 136-175). Asian
Development Bank.
Diesendorf, M., & Elliston, B. (2018). The feasibility of 100% renewable electricity systems: A response to critics. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 93, 318-330.
Dimitrov, R. S. (2016). The Paris agreement on climate change: Behind closed doors. Global Environmental Politics, 16(3), 1-11.
Do, T. N., & Burke, P. J. (2022). Is ASEAN ready to move to multilateral cross‐border electricity trade? Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 64(1), 110-125.
Erdiwansyah, Mamat, R., Sani, M. S. M., & Sudhakar, K. (2019). Renewable energy in Southeast Asia: Policies and recommendations. Science of the Total Environment, 670, 1095-1102.
Frank-Fahle, C., & Morstadt, T. (2017). Renewable energy projects in Thailand - Legal and tax considerations. International Energy Law Review, 5, 129-135.
Fünfgeld, A. (2019). ASEAN energy connectivity: Energy, infrastructure and regional cooperation in Southeast Asia. The Indonesian Quarterly, 46(4), 315-345.
Ghazali, F. (2018). Renewable energy law and policy in Malaysia: A critical analysis. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. International Islamic University Malaysia.
Guild, J. (2019). Feed‐in‐tariffs and the politics of renewable energy in Indonesia and the Philippines. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 6(3), 417-431.
Gulagi, A., Alcanzare, M., Bogdanov, D., Esparcia Jr, E., Ocon, J., & Breyer, C. (2021). Transition pathway towards 100% renewable energy across the sectors of power, heat, transport, and desalination for the Philippines. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 144, 110934.
Gupta, J., & Vegelin, C. (2016). Sustainable development goals and inclusive development. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 16(3), 433-448.
Hidayatno, A., Setiawan, A. D., Supartha, I. M. W., Moeis, A. O., Rahman, I., & Widiono, E. (2020). Investigating policies on improving household rooftop photovoltaics adoption in Indonesia. Renewable Energy, 156, 731-742.
Huang, Y. W., Kittner, N., & Kammen, D. M. (2019). ASEAN grid flexibility: Preparedness for grid integration of renewable energy. Energy Policy, 128, 711-726.
IEA. (2022). How hybrid PV technologies can contribute to the decarbonisation of Thailand's power system. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/reports/how-hybrid-pv-technologies-can-contribute-to-the-decarbonisation-of-thailands-
power-system
Indeo, F. (2019). ASEAN-EU energy cooperation: Sharing best practices to implement renewable energy sources in regional energy grids. Global Energy Interconnection, 2(5), 393-401.
Ismail, A. M., Ramirez-Iniguez, R., Asif, M., Munir, A. B., & Muhammad-Sukki, F. (2015). Progress of solar photovoltaic in ASEAN countries: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 48, 399-412.
Jiang, H., Gao, Y., Xu, P., & Li, J. (2019). Study of future power interconnection scheme in ASEAN. Global Energy Interconnection, 2(6), 549-559.
Junlakarn, S., Kittner, N., Tongsopit, S., & Saelim, S. (2021). A cross-country comparison of compensation mechanisms for distributed photovoltaics in the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 145, 110820.
Kitchen, T., & Oreilly, P. (2016). Energy poverty amidst abundance in Malaysia: Placing energy in multidimensional poverty. Development in Practice, 26(2), 203-213.
Koebrich, S., & Speer, B. K. (2019). Hot topic brief: Emerging policies for mobilizing private sector investment into clean energy in the Philippines (No. NREL/TP-6A20-74877). National Renewable Energy Lab.
Kuang, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhou, B., Li, C., Cao, Y., Li, L., & Zeng, L. (2016). A review of renewable energy utilisation in islands. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59, 504-513.
Kumar, S. (2016). Assessment of renewables for energy security and carbon mitigation in Southeast Asia: The case of Indonesia and Thailand. Applied Energy, 163, 63-70.
Kumar, S., Shrestha, P., & Salam, P. A. (2013). A review of biofuel policies in the major biofuel producing countries of ASEAN: Production, targets, policy drivers and impacts. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 26, 822-836.
Kuramochi, T., Nascimento, L., Moisio, M., den Elzen, M., Forsell, N., van Soest, H., & Höhne, N. (2021). Greenhouse gas emission scenarios in nine key non-G20 countries: An assessment of progress toward 2030 climate targets. Environmental Science &
Policy, 123, 67-81.
La Viña, A. G., Tan, J. M., Guanzon, T. I. M., Caleda, M. J., & Ang, L. (2018). Navigating a trilemma: Energy security, equity, and sustainability in the Philippines’ low-carbon transition. Energy Research & Social Science, 35, 37-47.
Malahayati, M. (2020). Achieving renewable energies utilization target in South-East Asia: Progress, challenges, and recommendations. The Electricity Journal, 33(5), 106736.
Martinot, E. (2016). Grid integration of renewable energy: Flexibility, innovation, and experience. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 41, 223-251.
McCollum, D., Gomez Echeverri, L., Riahi, K., & Parkinson, S. (2017). SDG7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. In D.J. Griggs, M. Nilsson, A. Stevance, & D. McCollum (Eds.), A guide to SDG interactions: From
science to implementation (pp. 127-173). International Council for Science.
Misila, P., Winyuchakrit, P., & Limmeechokchai, B. (2020). Thailand's long-term GHG emission reduction in 2050: The achievement of renewable energy and energy efficiency beyond the NDC. Heliyon, 6(12), e05720.
Mondal, M. A. H., Rosegrant, M., Ringler, C., Pradesha, A., & Valmonte-Santos, R. (2018). The Philippines energy future and low-carbon development strategies. Energy, 147, 142-154.
Naimoli, S., & Nakano, J. (2018). Renewable energy in Southeast Asia 2018: Compendium. Center for Strategic and International Studies.
Nakapreecha, N., Pongthanaisawan, J., & Wangjiraniran, W. (2021). Plausible scenarios for Thai energy businesses in the next 30 years. Frontiers in Energy Research, 8, 1-14.
Nam-Chol, O., & Kim, H. (2019). Towards the 2°C goal: Achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 in DPR Korea. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 150, 104412.
Nazeer, N., & Furuoka, F. (2017). Overview of ASEAN environment, transboundary haze pollution agreement and public health. International Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies, 13(1), 73–94.
Nerini, F. F., Tomei, J., To, L. S., Bisaga, I., Parikh, P., Black, M., & Milligan, B. (2018). Mapping synergies and trade-offs between energy and the sustainable development goals. Nature Energy, 3(1), 10-15.
Ngadiron, Z., & Radzi, N. H. (2016). Feed-in-tariff and competitive auctions as support mechanism for renewable energy: A review. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 11(14), 8938-8946.
Niyomtham, L., Waewsak, J., Kongruang, C., Chiwamongkhonkarn, S., Chancham, C., & Gagnon, Y. (2022). Wind power generation and appropriate feed-in-tariff under limited wind resource in central Thailand. Energy Reports, 8, 6220-6233.
Olabi, A. G., & Abdelkareem, M. A. (2022). Renewable energy and climate change. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 158, 112111.
Pan, S. Y., Gao, M., Shah, K. J., Zheng, J., Pei, S. L., & Chiang, P. C. (2019). Establishment of enhanced geothermal energy utilization plans: Barriers and strategies. Renewable Energy, 132, 19-32.
Pawintanathon, N., Saeung, S., & Taweekun, J. (2022). Techno-economic analysis of wind energy potential in north-eastern of Thailand. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 93(1), 25-49.
Peñarroyo, F. S. (2010). Renewable Energy Act of 2008: Legal and fiscal implications to Philippine geothermal exploration and development. Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress (pp. 1-9). International Geothermal Association.
Pratiwi, S., & Juerges, N. (2020). Review of the impact of renewable energy development on the environment and nature conservation in Southeast Asia. Energy, Ecology and Environment, 5(4), 221-239.
Ralph, N., & Hancock, L. (2019). Energy security, transnational politics, and renewable electricity exports in Australia and Southeast Asia. Energy Research & Social Science, 49, 233-240.
Roxas, F., & Santiago, A. (2016). Alternative framework for renewable energy planning in the Philippines. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59, 1396-1404.
Shahzad, U., Schneider, N., & Jebli, M. B. (2021). How coal and geothermal energies interact with industrial development and carbon emissions? An autoregressive distributed lags approach to the Philippines. Resources Policy, 74, 102342.
Stappel, M., Gerlach, A. K., Scholz, A., & Pape, C. (2015). The European power system in 2030: Flexibility challenges and integration benefits. Agora Energiewende. http://www. agora-energiewende.de.
Surroop, D., Raghoo, P., & Bundhoo, Z. M. (2018). Comparison of energy systems in small island developing states. Utilities Policy, 54, 46-54.
Van de Graaf, T. (2017). Is OPEC dead? Oil exporters, the Paris agreement and the transition to a post-carbon world. Energy Research & Social Science, 23, 182-188.
Vandyck, T., Keramidas, K., Saveyn, B., Kitous, A., & Vrontisi, Z. (2016). A global stocktake of the Paris pledges: Implications for energy systems and economy. Global Environmental Change, 41, 46-63.
Veng, V., Suryadi, B., Pranadi, A. D., & Shani, N. (2020). A review of renewable energy development and its policy under nationally determined contributions in ASEAN. International Journal of Smart Grid and Clean Energy, 9(1), 149-161.
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2024-07-31
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Renewable energy development towards sustainable development goals: A review of Thailand’s and the Philippines’ laws and policies. (2024). Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS), 9(2), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol9iss2pp1-33
