A comparative move analysis of problem-solution discourse within risk management reports by Malaysian and American banks
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol10iss1pp136-165Abstract
Background and Purpose: A risk management report (henceforth, RMR) is a comprehensive document that analyses the risks faced by banks and outlines strategies to mitigate these risks. It follows an organising framework – the Problem-Solution (henceforth, PS) pattern which emphasises identifying problems and their solutions. Such a pattern is typically used in technical texts. This study shows how the said pattern is implemented in the organisational structure of RMRs from Malaysian and American banks.
Methodology: The corpus data comprised two self-developed corpora of RMRs by selected Malaysian (henceforth, CORDMAB) and American banks (henceforth, CORDAB). The analysis was conducted within the framework of move analysis (henceforth, MA) which focuses on identifying the move-step structure and subsequently examining the patterns related to PS.
Findings: The MA revealed five moves in CORDMAB and four moves in CORDAB. Despite having one less move, CORDAB were significantly longer than CORDMAB. Further investigation revealed CORDAB had a more consistent PS pattern. The difference was attributed to the requirements of regulatory bodies in both countries.
Contributions: This study contributes to our understanding of RMRs by shedding light on their structure and content in the context of Malaysian and American banks. This comparative analysis provides valuable insights into how financial institutions in both countries approach risk assessment and mitigation strategies. It also offers potential implications for banking practices and risk management strategies on a broader scale.
Keywords: American banks, Malaysian banks, problem-solution, rhetorical moves, risk management reports.
References
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Aghagolzadeh, F., & Khanjani, J. (2011). Analyzing text organization of newspaper articles on the basis of M. Hoey's problem-solution pattern (2001). International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(10), 173-180.
Alexander, C. (2009). Market risk analysis: Values at risk models. John Wiley & Sons.
Allison, D., & Tauroza, S. (1995). The effect of discourse organisation on lecture comprehension. English for Specific Purposes, 14(2), 157-173.
Archambeault, D. S., DeZoort, F. T., & Holt, T. P. (2008). The need for an internal auditor report to external stakeholders to improve governance transparency. Accounting Horizons, 22(4), 375-388.
Ariffin, N. M., & Kassim, S. (2014). Risk management practices of selected Islamic banks in Malaysia. Aceh International Journal of Social Sciences, 3(1), 26-36.
Aziz, R. A., Abas, N., Yusob, K. F., & Yusof, N. M. (2022). Genre analysis of risk management reports by an Islamic financial institution in Malaysia. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 22(2), 63-87.
Baccarini, D., Li, B., Love, P. E., & Tiong, R. (2014). Communicating project risk information to stakeholders: A review of the literature. International Journal of Project Management, 32(8), 1061-1077.
Beattie, V., Fearnley, J., & Hopkin, P. (1998). Risk management reporting: A critical analysis of content and disclosure practices. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 11(4), 368-392.
Bessis, J. (2011). Risk management in banking. John Wiley & Sons.
Bhatia, V. K. (1993). Analysing genre: Language use in professional settings. Longman.
Bhatia, V. K. (2017). Critical genre analysis: Investigating interdiscursive performance in professional practice. Routledge.
Biber, D. (1988). Variation across speech and writing. Cambridge University Press.
Biber, D., Connor, U., & Upton, T. A. (2007). Discourse on the move: Using corpus analysis to describe discourse structure. John Benjamins Publishing.
Brahmana, R., & Tan, J. H. (2018). Disclosing risk information by Malaysian firms: A trend and the determinants. International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies, 11(5), 457-469.
Bursa Malaysia. (2013). Statement on risk management and internal control: Guidelines for directors of listed issuers. Bursa Malaysia.
Crouhy, M., Galai, D., & Mark, R. (2006). Risk capital attribution and risk-adjusted performance measurement. In M. Ong (Ed.), Risk management: A modern perspective (pp. 433-454). Elsevier.
Elamer, A. A., Ntim, C. G., Abdou, H. A., Owusu, A., Elmagrhi, M., & Ibrahim, A. E. A. (2021). Are bank risk disclosures informative? Evidence from debt markets. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 26(1), 1270-1298.
Farneste, M. (2011). Moves in the introductions of problem-solution essays. Baltic Journal of English Language, Literature and Culture, 1(1), 20-28.
Galán, A., & Perez, M. (2003). The problem-solution pattern: A tool for the teaching of writing? Barcelona English Language and Literature Studies, 12(3), 1-10.
Gao, S., & Pramoolsook, I. (2023). A cross-cultural move analysis of electronic engineering research article introductions: The case of Chinese, Thai, and native English scholarly writers. Ampersand, 10(1), 100106.
Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond culture. Anchor.
Helliar, C. V., Lowies, B., Suryawathy, I. G. A., Whait, R., & Lushington, K. (2022). The genre of banking financial product information: The characters, the setting, the plot and the story. The British Accounting Review, 54(5), 101131.
Hoey, M. (1983). On the surface of discourse. George Allen and Urwin.
Hoey, M. (2001). Textual interaction: An introduction to written discourse analysis. Routledge.
Hyland, K. (2000). Disciplinary discourses: Social interactions in academic writing. Longman.
Hyland, K. (2005). Metadiscourse: Exploring interaction in writing. A&C Black.
Iqra, D. R. N. K., & Qureshi, A. W. (2023). Homogeneity and heterogeneity: A cross-cultural genre analysis of editorial letters in Pakistani and Canadian newspapers. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 7(2), 1312-1326.
Kanoksilapatham, B. (2005). Rhetorical structure of biochemistry research articles. English for Specific Purposes, 24(3), 269-292.
Kim, M., Qiu, X., & Wang, Y. A. (2024). Interrater agreement in genre analysis: A methodological review and a comparison of three measures. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 3(1), 100097.
Kowalski, G. (2018). Problem-solution pattern in internet presentations of local-and global-target start-ups. Rhetoric and Communications E-journal, 34(3), 1-20.
Lajili, K., & Zéghal, D. (2005). A content analysis of risk management disclosures in Canadian annual reports. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration, 22(2), 125-142.
Lam, J. (2014). Enterprise risk management: From incentives to controls. John Wiley.
Lee, P. C. W. (2016). A discourse description of four fundraising texts–linguists meet practitioners: An exploratory study. Discourse and Interaction, 9(2), 25-50.
Linsley, P., & Shrives, P. (2000). Risk management and reporting risk in the UK. Journal of Risk, 3(1), 115-129.
López-Ferrero, C., & Bach, C. (2016). Discourse analysis of statements of purpose: Connecting academic and professional genres. Discourse Studies, 18(3), 286-310.
Lu, Y. (2024). The quality assessment of text contents in commercial websites: A corpus-based study in product detail page localization from Spanish to Chinese. Cadernos de Tradução, 44(1), e95230.
Mayer, N., & Aubert, J. (2021). A risk management framework for security and integrity of networks and services. Journal of Risk Research, 24(8), 987-998.
Miller, C., Rasco, M., & Tripp, E. (2010). Corpus-based investigation of discourse organization and lexico-grammar: Comparison of Hong Kong and United States corporate governance reports [Unpublished Master dissertation]. University of Hong Kong.
Mobasher, A., & Afida, M. A. (2015). Exploring the macrostructure of management forewords of corporate CARs. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 4(1), 14-25.
Nahar, S., Azim, M. I., & Hossain, M. M. (2020). Risk disclosure and risk governance characteristics: Evidence from a developing economy. International Journal of Accounting & Information Management, 28(4), 577-605.
Nickerson, N., & De Groot, E. B. (2005). Dear shareholder, dear stakeholder, dear stockholder: The business letter genre in the annual general report. In P. Gillaerts and M. Gotti (Eds.), Genre variation in business letters (pp. 325-346). Peter Lang.
Osman, H. (2004). Genre-based instruction for ESP. The English Teacher, 33(1), 14-31.
Parodi, G. (2009). Academic and professional written genres in disciplinary communication: Theoretical and empirical challenges. In J. Renkema (Ed.), Discourse, of course: An overview of research in discourse studies (pp. 93-110). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Qian, Y. (2020). A critical genre analysis of MD&A discourse in corporate annual reports. Discourse & Communication, 14(4), 424-437.
Ratanakul, R. (2018). A move analysis of problem-solution discourse: A pedagogical guide for EFL writing instruction. Arab World English Journal, 9(3), 232-244.
Rahahleh, A. N., Ishaq Bhatti, M., & Najuna Misman, F. (2019). Developments in risk management in Islamic finance: A review. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(1), 1-22.
Rau, G., & Shih, Y. S. (2021). Evaluation of Cohen's kappa and other measures of inter-rater agreement for genre analysis and other nominal data. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 53(1), 101026.
Ruiz-Madrid, N., & Valeiras-Jurado, J. (2020). Developing multimodal communicative competence in emerging academic and professional genres. International Journal of English Studies, 20(1), 27-50.
Rowley-Jolivet, E., & Carter-Thomas, S. (2005). Genre awareness and rhetorical appropriacy: Manipulation of information structure by NS and NNS scientists in the international conference setting. English for Specific Purposes, 24(1), 41-64.
Salkie, R. (2006). Text and discourse analysis. Routledge.
Sanusi, Z. M., Ismail, R., Hudayati, A., & Harjito, D. (2015). Screening process of shariah-compliant companies: The relevance of financial risk management. International Journal of Economics & Management, 9(1), 177-195.
Savvides, S. C., & Savvidou, N. (2012). Market risk disclosures of banks: A cross‐country study. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 20(4), 379-405.
Securities and Exchange Commission. (2020). Final rule: Modernization of regulation S-K items 101, 103, and 105 (Washington, D.C. 20549). SEC.
Soltani, K., & Kuhi, D. (2023). Contributing factors to move recycling in research articles: Perceptions of social science researchers and genre analysts. ESP Today, 11(1), 160-181.
Sookye, L., & Mohamudally-Boolaky, A. (2019). Effectiveness of financial risk management framework: An analysis of the Mauritian banking sector. Journal of Financial Risk Management, 8(2), 106-124.
Swales, J. (1981). Aspects of article introductions. The University of Aston, Language Studies Unit.
Swales, J. (1990). Genre analysis. Cambridge University Press.
Swales, J. (2004). Research genres: Explorations and applications. Cambridge University Press.
Swales, J., & Feak, C. B. (2004). Academic writing for graduate students. University of Michigan Press.
Trklja, A. (2024). The textual organisation of CJEU judgments. Springer.
Yusob, K. F., Ali, A. M., Chan, M. Y., & Lee, G. I. (2022). Rhetorical organisation of risk management reports by Malaysian banks. Proceedings, 82(1), 80-88.
Aghagolzadeh, F., & Khanjani, J. (2011). Analyzing text organization of newspaper articles on the basis of M. Hoey's problem-solution pattern (2001). International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(10), 173-180.
Alexander, C. (2009). Market risk analysis: Values at risk models. John Wiley & Sons.
Allison, D., & Tauroza, S. (1995). The effect of discourse organisation on lecture comprehension. English for Specific Purposes, 14(2), 157-173.
Archambeault, D. S., DeZoort, F. T., & Holt, T. P. (2008). The need for an internal auditor report to external stakeholders to improve governance transparency. Accounting Horizons, 22(4), 375-388.
Ariffin, N. M., & Kassim, S. (2014). Risk management practices of selected Islamic banks in Malaysia. Aceh International Journal of Social Sciences, 3(1), 26-36.
Aziz, R. A., Abas, N., Yusob, K. F., & Yusof, N. M. (2022). Genre analysis of risk management reports by an Islamic financial institution in Malaysia. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 22(2), 63-87.
Baccarini, D., Li, B., Love, P. E., & Tiong, R. (2014). Communicating project risk information to stakeholders: A review of the literature. International Journal of Project Management, 32(8), 1061-1077.
Beattie, V., Fearnley, J., & Hopkin, P. (1998). Risk management reporting: A critical analysis of content and disclosure practices. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 11(4), 368-392.
Bessis, J. (2011). Risk management in banking. John Wiley & Sons.
Bhatia, V. K. (1993). Analysing genre: Language use in professional settings. Longman.
Bhatia, V. K. (2017). Critical genre analysis: Investigating interdiscursive performance in professional practice. Routledge.
Biber, D. (1988). Variation across speech and writing. Cambridge University Press.
Biber, D., Connor, U., & Upton, T. A. (2007). Discourse on the move: Using corpus analysis to describe discourse structure. John Benjamins Publishing.
Brahmana, R., & Tan, J. H. (2018). Disclosing risk information by Malaysian firms: A trend and the determinants. International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies, 11(5), 457-469.
Bursa Malaysia. (2013). Statement on risk management and internal control: Guidelines for directors of listed issuers. Bursa Malaysia.
Crouhy, M., Galai, D., & Mark, R. (2006). Risk capital attribution and risk-adjusted performance measurement. In M. Ong (Ed.), Risk management: A modern perspective (pp. 433-454). Elsevier.
Elamer, A. A., Ntim, C. G., Abdou, H. A., Owusu, A., Elmagrhi, M., & Ibrahim, A. E. A. (2021). Are bank risk disclosures informative? Evidence from debt markets. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 26(1), 1270-1298.
Farneste, M. (2011). Moves in the introductions of problem-solution essays. Baltic Journal of English Language, Literature and Culture, 1(1), 20-28.
Galán, A., & Perez, M. (2003). The problem-solution pattern: A tool for the teaching of writing? Barcelona English Language and Literature Studies, 12(3), 1-10.
Gao, S., & Pramoolsook, I. (2023). A cross-cultural move analysis of electronic engineering research article introductions: The case of Chinese, Thai, and native English scholarly writers. Ampersand, 10(1), 100106.
Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond culture. Anchor.
Helliar, C. V., Lowies, B., Suryawathy, I. G. A., Whait, R., & Lushington, K. (2022). The genre of banking financial product information: The characters, the setting, the plot and the story. The British Accounting Review, 54(5), 101131.
Hoey, M. (1983). On the surface of discourse. George Allen and Urwin.
Hoey, M. (2001). Textual interaction: An introduction to written discourse analysis. Routledge.
Hyland, K. (2000). Disciplinary discourses: Social interactions in academic writing. Longman.
Hyland, K. (2005). Metadiscourse: Exploring interaction in writing. A&C Black.
Iqra, D. R. N. K., & Qureshi, A. W. (2023). Homogeneity and heterogeneity: A cross-cultural genre analysis of editorial letters in Pakistani and Canadian newspapers. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 7(2), 1312-1326.
Kanoksilapatham, B. (2005). Rhetorical structure of biochemistry research articles. English for Specific Purposes, 24(3), 269-292.
Kim, M., Qiu, X., & Wang, Y. A. (2024). Interrater agreement in genre analysis: A methodological review and a comparison of three measures. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 3(1), 100097.
Kowalski, G. (2018). Problem-solution pattern in internet presentations of local-and global-target start-ups. Rhetoric and Communications E-journal, 34(3), 1-20.
Lajili, K., & Zéghal, D. (2005). A content analysis of risk management disclosures in Canadian annual reports. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration, 22(2), 125-142.
Lam, J. (2014). Enterprise risk management: From incentives to controls. John Wiley.
Lee, P. C. W. (2016). A discourse description of four fundraising texts–linguists meet practitioners: An exploratory study. Discourse and Interaction, 9(2), 25-50.
Linsley, P., & Shrives, P. (2000). Risk management and reporting risk in the UK. Journal of Risk, 3(1), 115-129.
López-Ferrero, C., & Bach, C. (2016). Discourse analysis of statements of purpose: Connecting academic and professional genres. Discourse Studies, 18(3), 286-310.
Lu, Y. (2024). The quality assessment of text contents in commercial websites: A corpus-based study in product detail page localization from Spanish to Chinese. Cadernos de Tradução, 44(1), e95230.
Mayer, N., & Aubert, J. (2021). A risk management framework for security and integrity of networks and services. Journal of Risk Research, 24(8), 987-998.
Miller, C., Rasco, M., & Tripp, E. (2010). Corpus-based investigation of discourse organization and lexico-grammar: Comparison of Hong Kong and United States corporate governance reports [Unpublished Master dissertation]. University of Hong Kong.
Mobasher, A., & Afida, M. A. (2015). Exploring the macrostructure of management forewords of corporate CARs. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 4(1), 14-25.
Nahar, S., Azim, M. I., & Hossain, M. M. (2020). Risk disclosure and risk governance characteristics: Evidence from a developing economy. International Journal of Accounting & Information Management, 28(4), 577-605.
Nickerson, N., & De Groot, E. B. (2005). Dear shareholder, dear stakeholder, dear stockholder: The business letter genre in the annual general report. In P. Gillaerts and M. Gotti (Eds.), Genre variation in business letters (pp. 325-346). Peter Lang.
Osman, H. (2004). Genre-based instruction for ESP. The English Teacher, 33(1), 14-31.
Parodi, G. (2009). Academic and professional written genres in disciplinary communication: Theoretical and empirical challenges. In J. Renkema (Ed.), Discourse, of course: An overview of research in discourse studies (pp. 93-110). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Qian, Y. (2020). A critical genre analysis of MD&A discourse in corporate annual reports. Discourse & Communication, 14(4), 424-437.
Ratanakul, R. (2018). A move analysis of problem-solution discourse: A pedagogical guide for EFL writing instruction. Arab World English Journal, 9(3), 232-244.
Rahahleh, A. N., Ishaq Bhatti, M., & Najuna Misman, F. (2019). Developments in risk management in Islamic finance: A review. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(1), 1-22.
Rau, G., & Shih, Y. S. (2021). Evaluation of Cohen's kappa and other measures of inter-rater agreement for genre analysis and other nominal data. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 53(1), 101026.
Ruiz-Madrid, N., & Valeiras-Jurado, J. (2020). Developing multimodal communicative competence in emerging academic and professional genres. International Journal of English Studies, 20(1), 27-50.
Rowley-Jolivet, E., & Carter-Thomas, S. (2005). Genre awareness and rhetorical appropriacy: Manipulation of information structure by NS and NNS scientists in the international conference setting. English for Specific Purposes, 24(1), 41-64.
Salkie, R. (2006). Text and discourse analysis. Routledge.
Sanusi, Z. M., Ismail, R., Hudayati, A., & Harjito, D. (2015). Screening process of shariah-compliant companies: The relevance of financial risk management. International Journal of Economics & Management, 9(1), 177-195.
Savvides, S. C., & Savvidou, N. (2012). Market risk disclosures of banks: A cross‐country study. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 20(4), 379-405.
Securities and Exchange Commission. (2020). Final rule: Modernization of regulation S-K items 101, 103, and 105 (Washington, D.C. 20549). SEC.
Soltani, K., & Kuhi, D. (2023). Contributing factors to move recycling in research articles: Perceptions of social science researchers and genre analysts. ESP Today, 11(1), 160-181.
Sookye, L., & Mohamudally-Boolaky, A. (2019). Effectiveness of financial risk management framework: An analysis of the Mauritian banking sector. Journal of Financial Risk Management, 8(2), 106-124.
Swales, J. (1981). Aspects of article introductions. The University of Aston, Language Studies Unit.
Swales, J. (1990). Genre analysis. Cambridge University Press.
Swales, J. (2004). Research genres: Explorations and applications. Cambridge University Press.
Swales, J., & Feak, C. B. (2004). Academic writing for graduate students. University of Michigan Press.
Trklja, A. (2024). The textual organisation of CJEU judgments. Springer.
Yusob, K. F., Ali, A. M., Chan, M. Y., & Lee, G. I. (2022). Rhetorical organisation of risk management reports by Malaysian banks. Proceedings, 82(1), 80-88.
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2025-02-28
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A comparative move analysis of problem-solution discourse within risk management reports by Malaysian and American banks. (2025). Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS), 10(1), 136-165. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol10iss1pp136-165
