Investigating the relationship between past flood experience and flood preparedness intention: The mediating roles of perceived severity and susceptibility
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol10iss1pp466-490Abstract
Background and Purpose: In 2021, the state of Pahang had the highest number of flood victims, with 94,865 people affected and 21 fatalities, surpassing all other Malaysian states. Floods exacerbate income disparities, disproportionately impacting the poor rather than the wealthy. The affordability and convenience of flood-prone areas can increase the vulnerability of low-income individuals to flood-related impacts. Therefore, emphasizing the importance of flood preparedness measures becomes crucial, as they can play a role in maintaining the socioeconomic well-being of the nation. This study seeks to investigate how perceived severity and susceptibility mediate the connection between past flood experiences and residents of Pahang's intentions to prepare for floods.
Methodology: This study employed purposive sampling, exclusively targeting Pahang residents as eligible respondents. An online questionnaire via Google Forms was utilized, with participants informed of the study's purpose and guaranteed anonymity. A total of 216 questionnaires were received; after weeding out duplicates and other non-responses, 200 were considered useable, for a 93% effective rate. The study's hypotheses were tested using SPSS 27 and SmartPLS 4.0 software.
Findings: This study revealed that Pahang residents who had experienced previous floods tended to perceive flood events as more severe and were more likely to believe they were susceptible to future floods. Furthermore, individuals who considered themselves vulnerable to future floods and assessed flood severity as high were more inclined to prepare for such events. It is interesting to note that both perceived severity and perceived susceptibility serve as mediating effects between past flood experiences and the intention to prepare for future floods. This suggests that past flood experiences indirectly influence people's preparedness intentions for future floods by shaping their perceptions of severity and susceptibility.
Contributions: This study contributes theoretically to the body of knowledge by utilizing the SOR model. The results of the present study align with the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) model, as they demonstrate how exposure to flooding among people in Pahang has influenced their internal cognitive processes (perceived severity and susceptibility). These, in turn, have shaped their intentions to take preventive measures in the event of future flooding. The results of this study also carry notable practical implications. They suggest that intervention and education programs aimed at increasing flood preparedness should consider individuals' past experiences with floods. Programmes designed to reduce the risk of flooding should also work to increase people's awareness of the dangers they face and the steps they can take to protect themselves from flooding. To better plan for and respond to future flood calamities, the National Disaster Management Agency (NADMA), local authorities, and the Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia can all gain a more thorough understanding of these causal relationships. This research can serve as a valuable resource for enhancing their disaster prevention and response programs.
Keywords: Flood preparedness intention, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, socio-economic disparities, SOR model.
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Baan, P. J., & Klijn, F. (2004). Flood risk perception and implications for flood risk management in the Netherlands. International Journal of River Basin Management, 2(2), 113-122.
Babcicky, P., & Seebauer, S. (2019). Unpacking protection motivation theory: Evidence for a separate protective and non-protective route in private flood mitigation behavior. Journal of Risk Research, 22(12), 1503-1521.
Bagozzi, R. P. (1986). Science research associates (1st ed.). Principles of Marketing Management.
Bayard, B., & Jolly, C. (2007). Environmental behavior structure and socio-economic conditions of hillside farmers: A multiple-group structural equation modeling approach. Ecological Economics, 62(3-4), 433-440.
Beltrán, A., Maddison, D., & Elliott, R. J. (2018). Is flood risk capitalised into property values? Ecological Economics, 146(1), 668-685.
Bempah, S. A., & Øyhus, A. O. (2017). The role of social perception in disaster risk reduction: Beliefs, perception, and attitudes regarding flood disasters in communities along the Volta River, Ghana. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 23(1), 104-108.
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Bubeck, P., Botzen, W. J. W., & Aerts, J. C. (2012). A review of risk perceptions and other factors that influence flood mitigation behavior. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 32(9), 1481-1495.
Bubeck, P., Wouter Botzen, W. J., Laudan, J., Aerts, J. C., & Thieken, A. H. (2018). Insights into flood‐coping appraisals of protection motivation theory: Empirical evidence from Germany and France. Risk Analysis, 38(6), 1239-1257.
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Cutter, S. L., Ash, K. D., & Emrich, C. T. (2014). The geographies of community disaster resilience. Global Environmental Change, 29(1), 65-77.
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Ejeta, L. T., Ardalan, A., Paton, D., & Yaseri, M. (2016). Predictors of community preparedness for flood in Dire-Dawa town, Eastern Ethiopia: Applying adapted version of Health Belief Model. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 19(1), 341-354.
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Franke, G., & Sarstedt, M. (2019). Heuristics versus statistics in discriminant validity testing: A comparison of four procedures. Internet Research, 29(3), 430-447.
Fu, S., Chen, X., & Zheng, H. (2021). Exploring an adverse impact of smartphone overuse on academic performance via health issues: A stimulus-organism-response perspective. Behaviour & Information Technology, 40(7), 663-675.
Grothmann, T., & Reusswig, F. (2006). People at risk of flooding: Why some residents take precautionary action while others do not. Natural Hazards, 38(1), 101-120.
Gumasing, M. J. J., Prasetyo, Y. T., Ong, A. K. S., & Nadlifatin, R. (2022). Determination of factors affecting the response efficacy of Filipinos under Typhoon Conson 2021 (Jolina): An extended protection motivation theory approach. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 70(1), 102759.
Hadian, S., Afzalimehr, H., Soltani, N., Shahiri Tabarestani, E., & Pham, Q. B. (2022). Application of MCDM methods for flood susceptibility assessment and evaluation the impacts of past experiences on flood preparedness. Geocarto International, 37(27), 16283-16306.
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Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24.
Harvatt, J., Petts, J., & Chilvers, J. (2011). Understanding householder responses to natural hazards: Flooding and sea‐level rise comparisons. Journal of Risk Research, 14(1), 63-83.
Heidenreich, A., Masson, T., & Bamberg, S. (2020). Let's talk about flood risk–Evaluating a series of workshops on private flood protection. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 50(1), 101880.
Islam, J. U., & Rahman, Z. (2017). The impact of online brand community characteristics on customer engagement: An application of Stimulus-Organism-Response paradigm. Telematics and Informatics, 34(4), 96-109.
Kanakis, K., & McShane, C. (2016). Preparing for disaster: Preparedness in a flood and cyclone prone community. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 31(2), 18-24.
Kellens, W., Zaalberg, R., Neutens, T., Vanneuville, W., & De Maeyer, P. (2011). An analysis of the public perception of flood risk on the Belgian coast. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 31(7), 1055-1068.
Kim, D. K. D., & Madison, T. P. (2020). Public risk perception attitude and information-seeking efficacy on floods: A formative study for disaster preparation campaigns and policies. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 11(1), 592-601.
Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 11(4), 1-10.
Kreibich, H., Seifert, I., Thieken, A. H., Lindquist, E., Wagner, K., & Merz, B. (2011). Recent changes in flood preparedness of private households and businesses in Germany. Regional Environmental Change, 11(1), 59-71.
Kuhlicke, C., Masson, T., Kienzler, S., Sieg, T., Thieken, A. H., & Kreibich, H. (2020a). Multiple flood experiences and social resilience: Findings from three surveys on households and companies exposed to the 2013 flood in Germany. Weather, Climate, and Society, 12(1), 63-88.
Kuhlicke, C., Seebauer, S., Hudson, P., Begg, C., Bubeck, P., Dittmer, C., Grothmann, T., Heidenreich, A., Kreibich, H., Lorenz, D. F., Masson, T., Reiter, J., Thaler, T., Thieken, A. H., & Bamberg, S. (2020b). The behavioral turn in flood risk management, its assumptions and potential implications. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 7(3), e1418.
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Masozera, M., Bailey, M., & Kerchner, C. (2007). Distribution of impacts of natural disasters across income groups: A case study of New Orleans. Ecological Economics, 63(2-3), 299-306.
Masud, M. M., Sackor, A. S., Alam, A. F., Al-Amin, A. Q., & Ghani, A. B. A. (2018). Community responses to flood risk management–An empirical investigation of the Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Malaysia. Marine Policy, 97(1), 119-126.
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Ngah, A. H., Anuar, M. M., Rozar, N. N., Ariza-Montes, A., Araya-Castillo, L., Kim, J. J., & Han, H. (2021). Online sellers’ reuse behaviour for third-party logistics services: An innovative model development and e-commerce. Sustainability, 13(14), 7679.
Pandita, S., Mishra, H. G., & Chib, S. (2021). Psychological impact of Covid-19 crises on students through the lens of Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) model. Children and Youth Services Review, 120(1), 105783.
Paton, D., McClure, J., & Bürgelt, P. T. (2006). Natural hazard resilience: The role of individual and household preparedness. Disaster resilience: An integrated approach. Thomas Books.
Pavlov I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
Pennings, J. M., & Grossman, D. B. (2008). Responding to crises and disasters: The role of risk attitudes and risk perceptions. Disasters, 32(3), 434-448.
Ridzuan, M. R., Razali, J. R., Ju, S. Y., Abd Rahman, N. A. S., & Kong, L. K. (2022). The impacts of flood disasters on the poverty and income disparity in Malaysia: Fine-tuning the shared prosperity vision 2030. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(10), 2158-2170.
Ridzuan, M. R., Razali, J. R., Ju, S. Y., Md Yusof, N., Kong, L. K., Manas, N. H. N., & Abd Rahman, N. A. S. (2023). Mitigating flood risk in Malaysia through flood insurance: exploring the feasibility of the United States and Japanese approaches. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(9), 240–260.
Robert, D., & John, R. (1982). Store atmosphere: An environmental psychology approach. Journal of Retailing, 58(1), 34-57.
Sahadev, S., Malhotra, N., Kannangara, L. N., & Ritchie, B. W. (2024). Disaster planning intentions of tourism accommodation managers: Understanding the influence of past disaster experience and disaster management training. Journal of Travel Research, 63(1), 175-194.
Shmueli, G., Ray, S., Estrada, J. M. V., & Chatla, S. B. (2016). The elephant in the room: Predictive performance of PLS models. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 4552-4564.
Siegrist, M., & Gutscher, H. (2008). Natural hazards and motivation for mitigation behavior: People cannot predict the affect evoked by a severe flood. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 28(3), 771-778.
Skinner, B. F. (1935). The generic nature of the concepts of stimulus and response. The Journal of General Psychology, 12(1), 40-65.
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2025-02-28
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Investigating the relationship between past flood experience and flood preparedness intention: The mediating roles of perceived severity and susceptibility. (2025). Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS), 10(1), 466-490. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol10iss1pp466-490
