Museum pedagogy and assessment strategies: A case study of two museum educators at an Australian immigration-themed museum

Authors

  • Zuraimi Zakaria Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
  • Badrul Isa Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
  • David Forrest School of Art, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol10iss2pp222-246

Abstract

Background and Purpose: The role of museums has increasingly evolved from artifact repositories to educational spaces, promoting meaningful and active learning engagement. Despite museums’ established role in supporting school curricula, there remains limited studies exploring museum educators’ instructional and assessment practices. This study addresses this gap by examining the pedagogical approaches and assessment strategies employed by museum educators at an immigration-themed museum in Victoria, Australia.  

Methodology: A qualitative interpretivist case study design was employed, involving two experienced museum educators. Data were generated through semi-structured interviews and non-participant observations of teaching sessions. Thematic analysis, following Braun and Clarke’s (2006) six-step framework, facilitated the identification and interpretation of emergent themes.

Findings: Key findings revealed that educators employed blended instructional frameworks combining constructivist and behaviourist elements. Pedagogical approaches predominantly featured narrative techniques supported by object-based learning (OBL), storytelling, questioning, and scaffolding. Informal assessment played a continuous role in enabling instructional adaptation to meet diverse learner needs.

Contributions: The study enhances museum education literature by detailing practical pedagogical strategies and assessment methods utilized within museum settings. These insights hold substantial implications for professional development, guiding curriculum-linked educational program development, and highlighting effective instructional practices beneficial to both museum and classroom contexts.

Keywords: Museum education, museum pedagogy, visitor engagement, assessment strategies, immigration museum.

Author Biographies

  • Zuraimi Zakaria, Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

    Zuraimi Zakaria is a senior lecturer in the Department of Educational Studies at the Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia. She obtained her Master’s Degree in Educational Assessment and Evaluation from the Melbourne Graduate School of Education at the University of Melbourne, Australia. Her research interests encompass a range of topics including constructivist assessment approaches, integrated assessment, assessment literacy, data literacy, and data-driven decision-making.

  • Badrul Isa, Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

    Badrul Isa is an associate professor of museum and art gallery learning at the Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Malaysia. He earned a Master’s Degree in Art and Education from the University of Central England in England, and a doctoral degree from RMIT University in Australia. His research focuses on museum and gallery pedagogy and art education curriculum. He is actively engaged in the training of museum personnel and educators, particularly in the development and implementation of educational programs in museums.

  • David Forrest, School of Art, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.

    David Forrest is a Professor of Music at the School of Art, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia. He is also the Program Manager of the Mart of Arts (Arts Management) at the university. A large of amount of David’s work has been focused on the development and implementation of policy in music and arts education, at the state, national and international levels. He has published collections of work on doctoral research in museum education, visual art education, dance and drama education, and art.

References

Agostino, D., Arnaboldi, M., & Lampis, A. (2020). Italian state museums during the COVID-19 crisis: From onsite to online openness. Museum Management and Curatorship, 35(4), 362–372.

Alvero, J. C. M. (2023). Promoting cultural heritage preservation: Analyzing the effectiveness of teaching historical significance on contemporary Filipino culture. Philippine Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 1(1), 76-81.

Andre, L., Durksen, T., & Volman, M. L. (2017). Museums as avenues of learning for children: A decade of research. Learning Environments Research, 20(1), 47-76.

Azmi, M. F. F., & Zakaria, Z. (2024). Rubric revelations: Examining competencies and use of scoring tools in visual arts assessments. Asian Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences, 6(2), 517-527.

Bhattacherjee, A. (2012). Social science research. Open University Press.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(1), 77-101.

Burns, R. B. (2000). Introduction to research methods. SAGE Publication.

Committee on Education. (2002). Excellence in practice: Museum education principles and standards. American Association of Museums. http://www.aam-us.org/docs/default-source/accreditation/committee-on-education.pdf?sfvrsn=0

Creswell, J. W. (2016). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications.

Danielson, C. (2007). Enhancing professional practice: A framework for teaching (2nd ed.). Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD).

Della Corte, V., Aria, M., & Del Gaudio, G. (2017). Smart, open, user innovation and competitive advantage: A model for museums and heritage sites. Museum Management and Curatorship, 32(1), 50–79.

Falk, J. H., & Dierking, L. D. (1992). The museum experience. Whalesback Books.

Falk, J. H., & Dierking, L. D. (2018). Learning from museums: Visitor experiences and the making of meaning. Altamira Press.

Fuller, N. J. (2005). Recognizing and responding to the knowledge needs of museums. Museum Management and Curatorship, 20(3), 272-276.

Fraser, B. J. (1998). Classroom environment instruments: Development, validity and applications. Larning Environments Research, 1(1), 7-33.

Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Michael Hall, C. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1), 1-20.

Hansson, P., & Othman, J. (2021). Museum education and sustainable development: A public pedagogy. European Educational Research Journal, 21(3), 469-483.

Hein, G. E. (2004). John Dewey and museum education. Curator: The Museum Journal, 47(4), 413-427.

Holloway, I., & Galvin, K. (2016). Qualitative research in nursing and healthcare. John Wiley & Sons.

Isa, B., Zakaria, Z., & Forrest, D. (2018). Instructional approaches and assessment strategies utilized by the gallery educators of the National Gallery of Victoria (NGV). Journal of Economic and Management Perspectives, 12(3), 754-759.

Johnson, A. (2009). Museum education and museum educators. In A. Johnson, K. A. Huber, N. Cutler, M. Bingmann, & T. Grove (Eds.), The museum educator`s manual: Educators share successful techniques (pp. 7-14). Altamira Press.

Juhari, N. A. A., & Zakaria, Z. (2024). Malaysian science teachers’ tech-infused instruction and assessment strategies. Asian Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences, 6(1), 162-176.

Kalu, F. A., & Bwalya, J. C. (2017). What makes qualitative research good research? An exploratory analysis of critical elements. International Journal of Social Science Research, 5(2), 43-56.

Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice-Hall.

Kristinsdottir, A. (2017). Toward sustainable museum education practices: Confronting challenges and uncertainties. Museum Management and Curatorship, 32(5), 424-439.

Lacoe, J., Painter, G. D., & Williams, D. (2020). Museums as classrooms: The academic and behavioral impacts of ‘school in the park’. American Institutional Research Institution Open, 6(3), 1-22.

Lather, P. (2006). Paradigm proliferation as a good thing to think with: Teaching research in education as a wild profusion. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 19(1), 35-57.

Marovah, T., & Ncube, H. (2024). The pedagogical value of museums in the teaching and leanring of secondary school history: A historical thinking perspective. The Social Studies, 115(2), 81-91.

Nolan, T. R. (2009). The museum educator crisis. Journal of Museum Education, 34(2), 117-121.

Nolan, T. R. (2011). The leadership practice of museum educators [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. National Louis University.

Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Collins, K. M. (2007). A typology of mixed methods sampling designs in social science research. The Qualitative Report, 12(2), 281-316.

Patton, M. (1990). Purposeful sampling (Vol. 2). Sage Publications.

Ou, J. (2020). China Science and Technology Museum boosting fight against COVID-19. Museum Management and Curatorship, 35(3), 1–6.

Pervin, N., & Mokhtar, M. (2022). The interpretivist research paradigm: A subjective notion of a social context. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 11(2), 419–428.

Plaček, M., Ochrana, F., Půček, M., Nemec, J., Křápek, M., & del Campo, C. (2020). Autonomy and performance of local museums: The case of Czech Republic. Museum Management and Curatorship, 36(5), 504-522.

Priya, A. (2021). Case study methodology of qualitative research: Key attributes and navigating the conundrums in its application. Sociological Bulletin, 70(1), 94-110.

Půček, M. J., Ochrana, F., & Plaček, M. (2021). Museum Management. Arts, Research, Innovation and Society. Springer.

Ragin, C. C. (2013). Reflections on casing and case-oriented research. In D. Byrne, & C. C. Ragin (Eds.), The SAGE handbooks of case-based methods (pp. 522–534). Sage Publications.

Robaina-Calderin, L., Martin-Santana, J. D., & Munoz-Leiva, F. (2023). Immersive experiences as a resource for promoting museum tourism in the Z and millennials generation. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 29(1), 1-10.

Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2012). Research methods for business students (6th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.

Shah, M. A., Elyas, T., & Nasseef, O. (2013). Research paradigms: A slippery slope for fresh researchers. Life Science Journal, 10(2), 89-94.

Takahashi, A. R. W., & Araujo, L. (2020). Case study research: Opening up research opportunities. RAUSP Management Journal, 55(1), 100-111.

Talboys, G. K. (2016). Museum educator's handbook. Routledge.

Thomas, D. R. (2006). A general inductive approach for analyzing qualitative evaluation data. American Journal of Evaluation, 27(2), 237-246.

Tinning, K. (2017). The ambivalent potentiality of vulnerability museum pedagogy in exhibitions on difficult matters and its ethical implications [Unpublished PhD thesis]. University of Lund, Sweden.

Tišliar, P. (2017). The development of informal learning and museum pedagogy in museums. European Journal of Contemporary Education, 6(3), 586–592.

Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in society: The development higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.

Witcomb, A. (2015). Toward a pedagogy of feeling. Understanding how museums create a space for cross-cultural encounters. In A. Witcomb, & K. Message (Eds.), The international handbooks of museum studies: Museum theory (pp. 321–344). Wiley-Blackwell.

Wuest, J. (2012). Grounded theory: The method. In P. L. Munhall (Ed.), Nursing research: A qualitative perspective (5th ed., pp. 225-256). Jones and Bartlett Publications.

Zakaria, Z., Care, E., & Griffin, P. (2016). Scaffolding instruction where it matters: Teachers’ shift from deficit approach to developmental model of learning. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(23), 144-152.

Downloads

Published

2025-07-31

How to Cite

Museum pedagogy and assessment strategies: A case study of two museum educators at an Australian immigration-themed museum. (2025). Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS), 10(2), 222-246. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol10iss2pp222-246