Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences (MyJAS) is an open access peer reviewed research journal that is published by Penerbit UniSZA. MyJAS is providing a platform for the researchers, academicians, professional, practitioners and students to impart and share knowledge in the form of empirical and theoretical original article, review article, short communication on the fundamentals, applications and management of Applied Sciences. The journal aims to advance and disseminate knowledge in all the related areas of Agriculture; Biotechnology; Food Technology; Animal Science; Applied Mathematics; Computer Science; Information Technology; Engineering and Engineering Technology; Product Design; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Management; Earth Science; Astronomy & Astrophysics; GIS & Remote Sensing; Medicine; Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Sport Sciences. Articles are published in English and Malay. Publication Frequency Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences (MyJAS) is published biannually (April and October). Citations 273 h-index 8 i10-index 8 Articles 43 2020 Google Scholar Citation Reports CALL FOR PAPERS MyJAS is inviting papers for Vol. 7 No. 2 which is scheduled to be published in October 2022 Submission deadline: 31st of August 2022 Please read the 'Instructions to Authors' carefully as papers which do not follow the instructions statetd will NOT be processed. Please click here to download MyJAS Template (Microsoft Word) Submission is online at https://journal.unisza.edu.my/myjas/index.php/myjas/submission/wizard With Warm Regards, Editor-in-Chief Professor Dr. Hafizan Juahir Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences (MyJAS) Contact: hafizanjuahir@unisza.edu.my Posted: 2020-01-13
Quantitative Analysis of Phosphate in Laundry Detergents for Environmental Impact Assessment Using the Molybdenum Blue Method
Phosphates are commonly used in laundry detergents as water softening agents, but their excessive discharge into aquatic environments has been linked to eutrophication and the deterioration of water quality. Despite international efforts to regulate phosphate use, phosphate-based detergents remain prevalent in regions like Malaysia, where regulatory oversight is limited. This study aimed to quantify phosphate concentrations in selected commercial liquid laundry detergents available in the Malaysian market and evaluate their potential environmental impact using the molybdenum blue method. Five detergent brands (A to E) were analyzed following a 1:500 dilution protocol. Phosphate levels were determined based on a calibration curve constructed from standard solutions (0–5 mg/L as PO₄³⁻), with absorbance measured at 650 nm. The method showed excellent linearity (R² = 0.9885) and good precision, with relative standard deviations (RSD) below 10% for both standard and sample measurements. Phosphate concentrations in the detergent samples ranged from 0.411 mg/L to 1.390 mg/L, with Brand E showing the highest level. When translated to estimated phosphate discharge per laundry cycle, values ranged from 20.6 mg to 69.5 mg per 50-liter wash—well below the European Union’s threshold of 500 mg per standard dose. However, the cumulative environmental impact of frequent detergent use, particularly from products with higher phosphate content, remains a concern. These findings highlight the need for increased awareness, stronger regulatory measures, and reformulation of detergent products to minimize phosphate pollution in aquatic ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences
A Systematic Review on the Radiation Shielding Performance of Metal-Polymer Composites
Radiation usage in various sectors necessitates effective shielding materials to protect workers from ionizing radiation hazards. While lead is commonly used, its application in personal protective equipment (PPE) poses ergonomic and environmental challenges. This systematic literature review has focused on the efficacy of metal and polymer composites in shielding against photon rays. Published papers from the past decade were identified and the selected papers from 2015 to 2023 were analysed based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The paper included must be original studies, English language, published within the last ten years, and the findings of shielding properties against radiation are included. Based on this review, various metals and polymers have been integrated to explore the potential shielding efficiency of composites. As a result, multiple factors such as the metal type, particle size, metal composition, atomic number, thickness, and energy level could affect the radiation shielding ability of these composites. Metals with a high atomic number, for example, tungsten (Z = 74) have been proven to have superior shielding ability compared to metals with a low atomic number, for example, tin (Z = 50). Thus, combining multiple metals could enhance their shielding efficiency based on elevated metal composition and thickness. Nonetheless, the mechanical properties of these composites could be reduced. Higher energy levels were also associated with decreased protection against photon rays. This review would be able to provide comprehensive insights into the efficiency of metal and polymer composites in photon ray shielding for radiation protection by considering multiple factors, such as the type of metal, particle size, metal composition, atomic number of composites, thickness, and energy levels.
Unripe Jackfruit (Artocarpus Heterophyllus Lam) as a Promising Meat Alternative Ingredient: A Review
The demand for meat consumption is skyrocketing, hence, the adaption of plant-based meat to fulfil this global demand that requires sustainable and healthier diet is a must. As such, jackfruit mainly the young and unripe one is considered a promising meat alternative ingredient owing to their texture that mimic meat. In addition, unripe jackfruit possesses high nutritional values, especially fibre content and beneficial in environment and sustainability standpoint. However, jackfruit is still considered an underutilised fruit. This review will focus on young and unripe jackfruit in meat products and meat analogues primarily in term of physicochemical, nutritional and sensorial properties, aligned with recent trends and preferences.
Porcine DNA Authentication in Gelatin-Based Food Products
Halal certification is vital for confirming the halal status of food products, particularly for Muslim consumers. Instances of halal fraud, including the use of counterfeit halal logos and the incorporation of non-halal ingredients in food products, negatively impact Muslim consumers. Gelatine, widely used in the food industry, varies in acceptability depending on its source, with porcine-derived gelatine strictly prohibited in Islam. Therefore, this research aims to identify the presence of porcine DNA in gelatine-containing food products by targeting mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) via a real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay and to compare the qPCR findings with the sources of gelatine and the presence of a halal logo. Nine food products without a recognised JAKIM halal logo or bearing a foreign halal logo not recognised by JAKIM were purchased from a local supermarket in Sibu, Sarawak. DNA was extracted from the food products using the DNeasy Mericon Food kit, analysed with a spectrophotometer, and used as template DNA in the qPCR assay. Positive qPCR findings were validated through DNA sequencing and BLAST analysis. Of the nine products tested, eight contained detectable porcine DNA, including one product labelled with a halal logo. Sequencing data confirmed Sus scrofa as the predominant species, with BLAST identities ranging from 86.52% to 100% against the NCBI database. In summary, these results highlight the risks posed by mislabelling and fraudulent halal logos, and emphasise the importance of rigorous certification, transparent labelling, and routine molecular verification to protect Muslim consumers and maintain trust in halal markets.
Valorizing Durian Fruit Waste: A Path Towards Functional Materials
Durian (Durio zibethinus), known as the "King of Fruits," is widely consumed in Southeast Asia. Durian exports and imports become a high-value industry. However, durian production generates a significant amount of waste, including husks, seeds, and unconsumed pulp, which poses environmental and economic challenges. This review highlights recent advancements in utilizing durian waste as functional materials in various industries, including biopolymers, biosorbent, biochar, activated carbon production, and as a catalyst in biodiesel production. It highlights the extraction processes, material synthesis techniques, and multifunctional properties of durian-derived materials, emphasizing their environmental and economic benefits. The valorization of durian waste not only addresses waste management concerns but also adds value through sustainable material development. By addressing the challenges of large-scale implementation and exploring innovative valorization strategies, durian fruit waste has the potential to play a pivotal role in advancing sustainable development and promoting a circular bioeconomy.
The Diversity of Freshwater Fish at Three Selected Lakes in Jengka, Pahang
Freshwater fishes in Malaysia are relatively diverse with species of primary freshwater fishes. The total species richness of freshwater fishes of Malaysia remains unknown, this is due to many inland water bodies that have not been sampled. This study was conducted to ascertain the abundance of the freshwater fish at selected lakes in Maran, Pahang. The aim of this study to determine freshwater fish diversity and the relationship with water characteristics. All captured fish were measured, weighed and identified. Sample of water were collected from each lake. Water was analysed for pH, temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen and biological oxygen demand. A total of 107 individuals of fish compromising 8 species and 7 families were recorded. Trichopodus trichopterus was the most abundant species with total of 44 individuals which belonging to Order Anabantiformes and the least species with total of one individual captured which belonging to Order Cypriniformes, which is Puntigrus partipentazona. The highest diversity of fish was recorded at Lake 3 with Shannon Wiener Diversity Index H’= 1.428 and the lowest was at Lake 1 with H’= 0.968. The highest evenness index of fish species was detected at Lake 3 with Pielou’s Evenness J’= 0.797 and the lowest was at Lake 1 with J’= 0.698. Meanwhile, the most diverse species was found at Lake 3. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) ordination diagram of fish communities and selected water properties showed that Notopterus notopterus, Pristolepis fasciata and Puntigrus partipentazona were associated with the environment variables such as total dissolved solids (TDS) and turbidity while Oreochromis mossambicus and Oxyeleotris marmorata were not associated with any of the variables.and water salinity.
Characteristics Analysis of Type II Solar Radio Bursts Detected by CALLISTO Spectrometer at The Space Technology Complex (STC), Banting, Malaysia During Ascending Phase of Solar Cycle 25
Within the meter wavelength region, Type II Solar Radio Bursts (SRBs) have been determined to be some of the most significant solar radio emission events. They are produced by magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) shocks generated by solar flares or Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs). This paper presents an analysis of the characteristics of Type II SRBs detected by the CALLISTO (Compound Astronomical Low-cost Low-frequency Instrument for Spectroscopy and Transportable Observatory) station at the Space Technology Complex (STC), Banting, managed by the Malaysian Space Agency (MYSA). In this paper, a total of 21 type II SRBs were observed at the station, during the period of 1 October 2021 to 29 February 2024, based on data from the e-CALLISTO website. The characteristics of these SRBs were thoroughly analysed to gain insights into their properties. The analysis focused on their association with flare event classes and CME parameters categorized by linear speed and angular width. Additionally, the study examined the occurrence of Herringbone or harmonic structures and drift rates during the solar cycle 25’s ascending phase. Data on solar flares were obtained from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES), while CMEs were obtained from the Large Angle Spectroscopy Coronagraph Observatory (LASCO). Based on the present study, it is found that 20 out of 21 type II SRBs are connected with both solar flares and CMEs. Among these, 18 out of 21 type II SRBs were connected with intense GOES X-rays flares. Furthermore, 45% of the type II SRBs were related to fast and wide CMEs, whereas only 20% of the type II SRBs were linked with slow and narrow CMEs. Additionally, partial and full halo CMEs were observed in conjunction with half of the detected type II SRBs. The study also identified the drift rate and duration of type II SRBs, varying between 0.08 to 1.56 MHzs−1 and ~ 1 to 5 minutes, respectively. Among them, 62% exhibited harmonic structures, and the rest, 38% showed herringbone structures.
Eco-Friendly Neem Infusion: The Mosquito-Beater Candle
Neem (Azadirachta Indica) is one of India's most valued traditional medicinal herbs, with each part of the tree holding distinct medicinal properties. Mosquito-borne diseases, which pose a significant global health threat, require developing alternative mosquito-repellent solutions. This research explores the potential of neem-scented candles as a natural repellent due to neem's insect-repelling compounds, such as azadirachtin. Various analyses, including percentage yield, moisture content, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy, are conducted to evaluate the neem oil and the candles' properties. Additionally, tests on the candles' melting point, burning rate, scent stability, and candle compression are performed, along with a structured survey to assess consumer perception. FTIR and UV-Vis analyses confirmed the presence of bioactive compounds in the neem oil. The formulated neem-scented candles exhibited moderate effectiveness in repelling mosquitoes, offering a potential alternative to chemical-based repellents. The consumer survey indicated a positive reception towards the neem-infused candles, appreciating their dual functionality as decorative items and mosquito repellents. Neem-scented candles demonstrate potential as an eco-friendly mosquito-repellent solution. The research supports using neem oil as a natural repellent, highlighting its biodegradability and minimal impact on beneficial insects. Future work could focus on optimizing the formulation for enhanced efficacy and exploring other natural additives to improve the candles' performance.
Identification of Electrical Conductivity of The Volcanic Soil on Fertilizer-Exposed Agricultural Field (Case Study on Agricultural Field Parompong, West Java)
Parongpong volcanic soil is a type of Andosols soil used for short-lived crop farming. Increased agricultural production is usually by giving excessive fertilizer that causes contamination of farmland and leaves residue residues that contaminate the soil. The research has been done using geophysical methods to determine the soil electrical properties of the Huma EC technology, which results in resistivity value and converts it into conductivity. Data collection on agricultural and non-agricultural land was measured as a comparison. The result shows that agricultural land’s conductivity value is higher than non-agricultural land. The range of conductivity values in non agricultural land is 1.44 - 15.11 mmhos/cm. The content of conductivity values in non-non-agricultural land is 0.72 - 2.7 mmhos/cm. The value can be used as a Parongpong volcanic agricultural area conductivity database. Keywords: agricultural, electrical conductivity, cation transfer capacity, contamination, HUMA-EC
Laboratory Assessment of Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc Phytoaccumulation by Ipomoea aquatica, Peltandra virginica, and Salvinia molesta for Phytoremediation Potential
Heavy metal contamination in aquatic ecosystems poses significant risks to biodiversity and human health. Conventional remediation methods, while effective, are often expensive and inefficient. This study explores phytoremediation—a sustainable and cost-effective alternative that uses plants to remove pollutants—as a potential solution. We assessed the accumulation capacities of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) by three aquatic plant species: Ipomoea aquatica (water spinach), Peltandra virginica (arrow arum), and Salvinia molesta (giant salvinia). Plants were acclimatized for seven days before exposure to metal solutions at concentrations of 5 mg/L, 10 mg/L, and 15 mg/L over a 20-day period under controlled laboratory conditions. Sampling was performed every four days, and metal accumulation was quantified using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine statistically significant differences in uptake among species. I. aquatica exhibited the highest Cd accumulation (13.77 mg/L) at 15 mg/L concentration, with a removal efficiency of 89.7%. S. molesta showed the greatest Cu (57.3%) and Zn (92.6%) removal efficiencies at 15 mg/L and 10 mg/L, respectively. Statistically significant differences in metal uptake were observed at higher concentrations. These findings suggest that I. aquatica and S. molesta are potential plant for phytoremediation applications in contaminated aquatic environments. Further research is recommended to enhance their uptake mechanisms and evaluate scalability under field conditions.
Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Properties of Ficus Carica L. Leaves
Ficus carica L. are well known to possess a number of bioactive substances such as flavonoids and phenolic acids which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. This study aimed to screen phytochemicals in the leaf and evaluate the antioxidant activities with different polarity extracts. The leaves of Ficus carica L. were obtained from Taman Herba in UniSZA Besut Campus, Terengganu. The leaves collected were dried under room temperature before grinded into powder. The leaf powder was then soaked in methanol at a ratio of 1:10 to obtain the crude extract and further extracted with solvent partitioning method to get hexane (HEX), dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol fractions. Total amount of phenolic and flavonoid were determined by total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) test. Antioxidant activities of the leaves extract from different fractions were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) assay. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed to screen the chemical profile of fig leaves using mobile phase of hexane: ethyl acetate: acetic acid at ratio 7.8: 1.8: 0.4. In determination of TPC, the highest value of phenolic content obtained from MeOH crude (79.72 mg GAE/g) followed by DCM fraction (67.06 mg GAE/g), MeOH fraction (51.67 mg GAE/g) and Hexane fraction (48.27 mg GAE/g). For determination of flavonoid content, MeOH crude also possesses the highest value (77.13 mg QE/g) followed by Hexane fraction (70.33 mg QE/g), DCM fraction (52.13 mg QE/g) and MeOH fraction (31.81 mg QE/g). For all antioxidant test, MeOH fraction followed by MeOH crude obtained the highest percentage of inhibition (antioxidant activity) and possess lowest IC50 value as the percentage of inhibition exceed 50%. The evaluation of antioxidant properties using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), and ferric ion-reducing assays indicates that Ficus carica Linn. leaves methanol crude and fraction extract possess significant antioxidant properties due to its ability to scavenge free radicals and reduce ferric ions. Screening of bioactive compounds in TLC profiling indicated presence of coumarin, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and phenols in the Ficus carica Linn. leaves extract in which methanol crude and methanol fraction reveal a diverse array of compounds. Screening of bioactive compounds and the assessment of antioxidant activities determined the polarity strength of solvent for extraction as well as enhancing the understanding of the therapeutic potential of Ficus carica leaves.
Feature Reduction on Sym-H Index Image Using Principal Component Analysis Approach
Geomagnetic storms pose significant risks to technological systems on Earth. One of the ways to identify the level of a storm is from the Sym-H plot images. The fewer features used for image interpretation, the simpler and more efficient the analysis becomes. In this study, we applied Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to the Sym-H index images, initially consisting of seven statistical features. Through PCA, this study managed to reduce these features to just two principal components, capturing over 98% of the total variance in the first two components, thereby retaining essential information while simplifying the dataset. This reduction not only simplifies the visualization and interpretation of the Sym-H plot images but also retains the critical information necessary for understanding geomagnetic storm dynamics. By focusing on these two principal components, we can effectively present and analyse the essential patterns and behaviours of geomagnetic activity during storm events. The findings highlight the potential of PCA to enhance space weather forecasting and improve the resilience of technological infrastructure against solar storm impacts.
The Environmental Impacts of E-Hailing Services in Southeast Asia: A Literature Review.
The proliferation of e-hailing services has raised concerns about their role in cities. The environmental impacts of e-hailing services are complex and multi-faceted. This paper provides a review of the literature on e-hailing services in Southeast Asia (SEA) to enhance the understanding of e-hailing services environmental impacts on the urban transportation sector. Through reviewing the literature, this study aims to identify the environmental impacts of these services and to inform related planning and regulatory efforts in the context of emerging economic countries in resolving issues related to urban transportation. A comprehensive and systematic search was performed using Science Direct, Taylor & Francis, Sage Publications, and Emerald Publishing. Each database was searched for literature published between 1st January 2008 and 31st July 2024. Owing to the lack of research on the e-hailing service, there is little evidence in the existing literature on environmental dimension of transportation sustainability. This indicates a need for further research in this area. The results of the review illustrate certain similarities between e-hailing services in SEA countries. Finally, there is also evidence showing that these services provide other opportunities to extend or complement public transit, reduce congestion and car ownership. Keywords: e-hailing services, environmental impacts, vehicles attributes, environmental emission, sustainability
A Comprehensive Review of Peperomia pellucida: Chemical Composition, Traditional and Pharmacological Uses, and Potential in Dermatitis Management
Peperomia pellucida has been used widely in ethnomedicine and many studies have been conducted on this plant. Locals have been using this plant in traditional medicine and consumed as food. This review summarized previous studies conducted on this plant, focusing on plant’s chemical composition, pharmaceutical and traditional uses, pharmacological activities and dermatitis management. P. pellucida contains phytochemical groups, namely alkaloids, tannins, resins, flavonoids, steroids, phenols and carbohydrates, while the nutritional and mineral profile revealed that the plant is rich in crude protein, carbohydrate and total ash content. Traditionally, this plant has been used to treat different medicinal conditions such as conjunctivitis, convulsions, fatigue, fever, headache, gout, rheumatic pains, skin diseases that include dermatitis, acnes and eczema, breast cancer and diabetic. Studies reported that the plant possesses antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antioxidant activities. The natural pharmacological activities and active compounds in P. pellucida, namely tannins, saponins and flavonoids have been shown to help in managing dermatitis. This review concludes that P. pellucida can be utilized as a promising candidate for developing new therapeutic drug for the treatment of various diseases including dermatitis.
Physicochemical Properties and Sensory Characteristic of Isotonic Drink Incorporated with Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Extract
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) extract is a rich nutrient containing vitamins and antioxidants, but it remains underutilized in the food and beverage industries. This study aimed to explore the potential of roselle extract as a main ingredient in isotonic drinks, a commercially viable product. Four roselle-isotonic drink formulations were prepared, varying in sugar and salt types and concentrations. Then, each of formulation was further processed into carbonated and non-carbonated samples. Physicochemical parameters (osmolarity, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solid and colour) and sensory characteristics were analyzed. There was significant difference in the values for osmolarity, pH, titratable acidity and total soluble solid, while no significant difference was observed in colour. Results showed that simple sugars like glucose and fructose led to higher osmolarity values, while carbonation was associated with increased acidity and lower pH. Sensory evaluation revealed that carbonated roselle isotonic drinks were generally preferred, with formulation with sucrose receiving the highest overall rating. These findings show that roselle extract has potential as a main ingredient, serving as both a natural flavor and color agent in isotonic drinks.
Carcass Characteristics, Visceral Organs and Economics of Production of Finisher Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing Graded Levels of Decorticated Raw Sandbox Seeds (Hura crepitans) as Source of Methionine
A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the response of broiler chickens to graded dietary inclusion of decorticated raw sandbox seeds (SBS) as a source of methionine. Four dietary treatments were formulated to include sandbox seeds at 0%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% and labelled as T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively in a completely randomized design using one hundred and twenty four week-old broilers. Data were collected on final weight, carcass characteristics, weights of internal organs and economics of production. All data collected were subjected to one way ANOVA and treatments means were separated. There were no significant differences in the effects of the treatments on dressing percentage, relative weights of back, drumsticks and thighs but breast muscle was significantly highest (P<0.05) for treatment T3 (0.2% SBS). Treatment T4 (0.3% SBS) was significantly lowest in its effect on live weight (1513.00g) and dressed weight (1054.50g). Relative values for the internal organs fall within the normal range and were not affected by the inclusion of the SBS. There was no significant difference in the cost of feed per kilogram but treatment T4 (0.3% SBS) gave the significantly lowest (P<0.05) profit of ₦1033.07 per bird. It was concluded that dietary inclusion of decorticated sandbox seeds up to 0.3% without synthetic methionine has no detrimental effect on carcass characteristics and internal organs of broiler chickens. Sandbox seeds can serve as a good source of methionine in broiler production.
Analyzing Seasonal Changes in Water Quality Indicators of Sungai Chantek, Pasir Akar Farm: Implications for Environmental Chemistry and Ecosystem Health
Water quality is critical for ecosystem health, especially in river systems that support diverse biological and human activities. Seasonal variations can significantly influence water quality by altering key physical, chemical, and biological parameters. This study aimed to investigate the seasonal changes in Sungai Chantek's water quality by analyzing parameters such as Total Suspended Solids (TSS), pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN). Water samples were collected from three stations over four months, covering the rainy and dry seasons. Heavy metals, including calcium, magnesium, iron, aluminum, boron, and manganese, were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Among these, aluminum showed the highest concentration. The results revealed that during the rainy season, TSS, BOD, and COD levels were significantly higher due to increased runoff, while pH decreased during the dry season, indicating increased acidity. Dissolved oxygen levels were lowest in the dry season, correlating with reduced water flow and higher temperatures. Overall, water quality fluctuated between Class I and II according to the National Water Quality Standards (NWQS), reflecting the influence of seasonal hydrological changes. This study underscores the need for continuous water quality monitoring to ensure sustainable river management in tropical regions.
Chemical Composition and The Potential Biological Activities Of Piper Betel – A Review
Piper betel is a member of the family Piperaceae, commonly known as Sirih (Malaysia and Indonesia), Paan (India and Bangladesh), Betel (English) and Phlu (Thailand). It is widely found and grown in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, other Southeast Asian and East African countries. Piper betel is widely used throughout the world even in modern days due to its known medicinal properties. Betel plant contains various biologically active compounds, which are responsible for its numerous pharmacological actions. The medicinal profile reveals Piper betel to have a high potential for treating many diseases and conditions. Further studies of betel plant are recommended to focus on the variety of metabolic activities in human, thus, improving its usage medically that will be beneficial to mankind.
Copyright (c) 2018 Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences
Comparative Larvicidal Properties and Detoxification Machinery of Bioactive Fractions of Leaf Extracts of Hyptis Suaveolens and Chromolaena Odorata on Anopheles gambiae s.l from North West Nigeria.
Malaria is endemic in Nigeria and the impact of chemical insecticides is being undermined by widespread resistance in mosquito vectors. This calls for development of alternative bio-insecticidal approach. The aim of this work was to determine the active fractions of leaves of Hyptis. suaveolens and Chromolena. odorata with insecticidal potential on the larva of Anopheles gambiae s.l. Leaf extracts of the two plants were screen for phytochemicals and the active fractions were subjected to GC-MS analysis. In addition, the detoxification enzymes (GST, esterase and cytochromes P450) as well Glutathione levels on the susceptible and resistant individuals of the larvae were biochemically assayed. Larval bioassay was carried out by the standard procedure described by WHO. The phytochemicals detected include flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols and phlobatannins. Butanol fracton of H. suaveolens displayed higher larvicidal activity (LC50 2167.92ppm) followed by the aqueous fraction (LC50 2613.01ppm). Both butanol and aqueous fractions of C. odorata also displayed larvicidal activities (LC50 3117.97ppm; LC50 3497.27ppm) respectively, but were lower than that observed in Hyptis suaveolens. Biochemical assay of the detoxification enzymes showed significance difference at P <0.05 between the resistant and susceptible larvae for all enzymes. There was however no significant difference in the levels detoxification enzymes in both resistant and susceptible individuals for butanol and aqueous fractions of H. suaveolens when compared with their corresponding fractions of C. odorata at P< 0.05 respectively. The observations recorded in this study showed a promising larvicidal potential of these two plants which if further characterized could offer a promising novel bioinsecticide compound that could substitute the present classes of chemical insecticides used in malaria vector control.
Maintenance and Physical Asset Management Issues in Project Commissioning
This study describes the review on maintenance related issues during design and construction stage within construction industry. The paper highlights the causes and errors made during design and construction stage and their impact during the operation/production/occupancy stage as well as the maintenance costs associated with it. The study identifies the mistakes in the working processes within design and construction stage leading to the errors that affect the durability, performance, reliability, maintainability, availability and safety of the systems. The paper presents a comprehensive review of the published literatures, journals, technical papers in the related areas in the construction field. The review highlights the new approaches and decision framework which link the designers and construction personnel that could reduce the errors and defects in construction which then lead to maintenance issues and asset management. The factors of accessibility, materials, design and documentation standardization have been discussed thoroughly for better understanding in improving maintenance and physical asset management in project commissioning.
Copyright (c) 2017 Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences
A Survey on Tax Evasion Using Randomized Response Technique
Taxation is a tool used by government to raise revenue. It is also used as an instrument of economic and social policy. This paper adopted Randomized Response Technique to estimate proportions of non-compliance of taxpayers in Akure metropolis as well as analysing socio-demographic variables which may affect those proportions. Survey questionnaires were administered on taxpayers in Akure with a view to collecting data from them. The data collected were analysed using z-test. The findings of this study revealed that among the respondents completing the Randomized Response survey instrument, 47.7% admitted tax evasion by trading goods and not reporting it in tax form, 48.7% admitted evasion by excluding some outside income, 49.8% admitted tax evasion by being paid in cash and not reporting it, 43.7% admitted evasion by hiding investment to avoid payment of tax while 43% admitted evasion by cheating on tax whenever the chances arises respectively.
Spatial Pattern Recognition of School Performance Based on Anthropometric and Motor Parameters using Multivariate Analysis and Kriging Interpolation Technique
The purpose of this study is to determine spatial pattern recognition of school performance based on children’s anthropometric and motor skills component. This study involved 93 primary schools with a total 2237 male students aged 7.30±0.28 years in Pahang, Malaysia. The parameters of anthropometric (weight and height) and motor component included low muscular power (standing broad jump), flexibility (sit and reach), coordination (hand wall toss) and speed (20 meter run) were selected. Cluster Analysis (CA) and Discriminat Analysis (DA) under Multivariate Method and technique of Kriging Interpolation in Geographic Interpolation Software (GIS) were used. CA revealed two clusters of school performance. There are a total 34 high performance schools (HPS) and 60 low performance schools (LPS). Then, the assigned groups were treated as independent variable (IV) while anthropometric and motor parameters were treated as dependent variable (DV) in DA. Standard mode of DA obtained 95.74% correctness of classification matrix with three discriminated variables (height, standing broad jump and 20 meter run) out of six variables. Meanwhile, forward and backward stepwise mode of DA discriminated only one (standing broad jump) out of six variables with 96.81% of classification correctness. The map output of Kriging interpolation has shown graphically the pattern of discriminated variables that greatly influence school performance. It exposed the ability of children develop their motor skills in particular region is higher than another region. This finding would suggest that follow up studies must be carried up to investigate the factors of these pattern could happened.
Breakfast Intake and its Association with Body Mass Index among Pre-schoolers in Taska Permata Keluarga Kuala Nerus, Terengganu
In Malaysia, breakfast is the most frequently skipped meal. Skipping breakfast has been associated with an increased risk of childhood obesity. However, this relationship has not been investigated widely among preschoolers in Malaysia. Hence, this cross-sectional study aimed to determine the association between breakfast intake and Body Mass Index (BMI) among preschoolers in Taska Permata Keluarga (TPK), Kuala Nerus. A total of 131 Malays preschoolers aged four to six years old were recruited from nine TPK using convenience sampling method. Information on sociodemographic, breakfast intake pattern and anthropometric measurements (weight and height) were obtained. Respondents consisted of 74 (56.5%) boys and 57 (43.5%) girls. Anthropometric results showed that 8.4% preschoolers were overweight and obese. Among the preschoolers, 22.1% of them were breakfast skippers. In terms of gender breakdown, 20.3% boys and 24.6% girls skipped breakfast. There was a significant association between breakfast intake and BMI status among preschoolers (p = 0.003). This indicated that preschoolers that skipped breakfast were associated with overweight or obese compared to those who consumed breakfast daily. Breakfast consumption is a marker of a healthy lifestyle which can reduce the risk of childhood obesity. This habit should be inculcated during this critical period of life in which parents play a vital role in promoting breakfast consumption among preschoolers.
Optimal Intervention Strategies for Transmission Dynamics of Cholera Disease
In this paper, an optimal control model for cholera disease described by a system of first order ordinary differential equations was formulated and examined. The necessary conditions for the attainment of optimum level of control in the dynamical system were derived by employing the Pontryagin’s Maximum principle. Numerical studies of the analytical results were conducted to investigate the behaviour of the optimality system and the results were tabulated. The tabular results showed that the combination of the interventions up to 80% was capable of bringing cholera epidemic under control. As the rate of control was directly related to the cost of control, the result of the analysis revealed the control outlay that maintained the optimum balance of interventions with the lowest cost.
Copyright (c) 2019 Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences
Development of Long-Term Talent in Sports Model Based on Anthropometric and Motor Fitness Components using Multivariate Analysis
The study attempts to use multivariate analysis to evaluate the profile of male player for developments of Long-Term Talent in Sports (LT-TiS) model based on anthropometric and motor fitness components. Data of anthropometric and motor fitness included power, flexibility, coordination and speed were obtained from 2019 respondents aged year. Data interpretations were carried out using multivariate analysis of Principle Components Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant analysis (DA). The adequacy of sampling has been measured using Bartletts tests on sphericity and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) has been used, with this conformance of running the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Then, Discriminant Analysis (DA) were used to validate the correctness of group classification by LT-TiS model. Then, Discriminant Analysis (DA) were used to validate the correctness of group classification by LT-TiS. As a result, two factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted which accounted for 55.00% of the variations present in the original variables was found. The two factors were used to obtain the factor score coefficients explained by 27.86% and 27.21% of the variations in player performance respectively. Factor 1 revealed high factor loading on motor fitness compared to factor 2 as it was significantly related to anthropometrics. A model was obtained using standardized coefficient of factor 1. Three clusters of performance were shaped in view by categorizing; , and as good, moderate and poor performance respectively. Six discriminated variables obtained using forward and backward stepwise mode by DA including weight, height, standing broad jump, hand wall toss, sit and reach and 20 meter run. Variables have been established as an important indicator of choosing talented player.
Deep-Frying with Thermoxidized Groundnut Oil Is a Potential Source of Free Radicals with Health Hazards
Groundnut oil is one of the most commonly used vegetable oils in the household and industry in Nigeria for deep frying purposes. This research work was aimed at evaluating the effects of thermoxidized and fresh groundnut oils on lipid peroxidation, in vitro radical scavenging and in vivo antioxidant activities. The study comprised thirty-five (35) wistar albino rats divided into seven (7) groups of five (5) rats each. The different groups excluding group one (1) were fed with animal feeds containing various doses of the oils in their feed for six (6) weeks. Different methods of analyses, ranging from colorimetric, titrimetric, spectrophotometric, and hyphenated mass-spectroscopy were employed to obtain the results. The study showed that the peroxide and acid values (responsible for the off-flavour due to rancidity), DPPH and FRAP (which give a measure of the pro-oxidant capacity) were significantly (p<0.05) increased in the thermoxidized oils when compared to the fresh edible oils. Also, SOD, CAT (responsible for the antioxidant activity) and MDA values (a measure of peroxidation of a sample) increased significantly (P<0.05) in the thermoxidized groups. The GC-MS analyses also revealed that the thermoxidized oil samples produced compounds which are toxic or carcinogenic, like Butane, 1-[(2-methyl-2-propenyl)oxy]-, 4-n-Hexylthiane, (R)-,1,6-Octadiene, 5,7-dimethyl-, (R)- and Cyclododecanol, 1-aminomethyl and (R)-(-)-14-Methyl-8-hexadecyn-1-ol. The above findings suggest that there are potential health hazards associated with the consumption of oxidized products resulting from these oils used repeatedly in frying processes. In light of these findings, it is recommended that consumption of groundnut oils subjected to heating for long periods of time should be discouraged in Nigeria and other Low and Medium Income Countries (LMIC) where such practices are common. Keywords: Edible oils, Deep-frying, Antioxidants, Radical scavenging, Lipid peroxidation.
Effect of Edible Coatings (Xanthan gum and Carob gum) on the Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of French Fries Potatoes
In the present study, French fries potatoes were coated with combination of xanthan gum and carob gum or each of them separately at different concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.5%( w/v) beside the control sample which was considered without coating. Samples were fried at 180 for 6 min. The percentage of hydrocolloids coating, moisture content, oil uptake, textural characteristic (hardness index), frying efficiency, colorimetric characteristics (brightness, redness and yellowness indexes plus color difference) and sensory evaluation (Flavor, aroma, appearance, color and overall acceptance) of potato strips were measured. The results indicated that when the hydrocolloids coating of potato strips applied, the moisture retention capacity increased, oil uptake decreased, frying efficiency increased, brightness index reduced and redness/yellowness index increased. Also by increasing the hydrocolloid initial concentration over 1%, sensory evaluation of the samples decreased. Sensory and physiochemical properties significantly decreased in the control sample (p≥0.05). As a final point, the sample contained 0.25% carob gum and 0.75% xanthan gum was introduced as superior treatment.
Implementing Lean Principles in Administrative Procedures: Registration Process for New Student Intake in Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM)
The purpose of this case study is to look at how “Lean Techniques and Principles” can be successfully introduce and implement in the higher education institution or university context. In the last two decades, Lean techniques and principle has been applied to improve production system in manufacturing processes. Lean was introduced in the 1950s by Womack and Jones known as the Toyota Production System (TPS) by the legendary car manufacturer Toyota, the world’s most profitable automaker and have spent decades perfecting lean practices in the production. The method used was to produce more productivity while using fewer resources and identifying activities which creates value for customers, activities which do not create value but are required and actions which do not create value and can be eliminated. This case study demonstrates how “Lean Principles” can be adopted to the administration services particularly in the registration process for new student intake in USIM. The objective of this case study includes : to identify the needs of improving the registration process by eliminating the waste (Muda) such as time wastage, human resource wastage, to introduce the apparatus required to reduce and eliminate waste, to redesign the process using the lean techniques and principles to eliminate waste and to continually improve the process with the goal to achieve perfection for customer satisfaction and university’s reputation. How Lean Principles can transform the work process in the registration procedure, process efficiency, the reasons for implementing Lean in the process, minimize the lead time, minimize the financial cost and the role of management. This paper contains a comprehensive discussion and findings of the development of Lean principles and management through one of the models, namely; Value Stream Mapping (VSM) process which can enhance the operational process in the university environment to improve the process, particularly in the new student registration process.
Analysis of Fiber, Calcium and Acceptability Cookies With Papaya Flour and Dates Puree Substitution
Background: Adolescent need adequate nutritious snack. Cookies is one of the best snack products, made from low protein and flourthan roasting until hard, cookies will taste crunchy when eaten. To make it more nutritious, papaya flour and dates puree is solution to increase dietary fiber and acceptability cookies. Objective: Analysing the effect of papaya flour and dates puree substitution in dietary fiber and acceptability of cookies. Methods: The type of research used complete randomized design with two repetitions. Making cookies using 4 formulation, there are control formulation papaya flour: dates puree, (PD1 10%: 30%), (PD2 20%: 20%) and (PD3 30%: 10%). The method used to determine dietary fiber content was multienzimatic method and acceptability was determined using hedonic test on colour, flavor, taste and texture by 90 panelist. Results: The highest total dietary fiber content was PD3 15.9g/100g. The acceptability cookies showed that panelists prefered cookies with PD2 formulation. Conclusion: Substitution with papaya flour and dates puree increased the level of dietary fiber cookies. Background: Adolescent need adequate nutritious snack. Cookies is one of the best snack products, made from low protein and flourthan roasting until hard, cookies will taste crunchy when eaten. To make it more nutritious, papaya flour and dates puree is solution to increase dietary fiber and acceptability cookies. Objective: Analysing the effect of papaya flour and dates puree substitution in dietary fiber and acceptability of cookies. Methods: The type of research used complete randomized design with two repetitions. Making cookies using 4 formulation, there are control formulation papaya flour: dates puree, (PD1 10%: 30%), (PD2 20%: 20%) and (PD3 30%: 10%). The method used to determine dietary fiber content was multienzimatic method and acceptability was determined using hedonic test on colour, flavor, taste and texture by 90 panelist. Results: The highest total dietary fiber content was PD3 15.9g/100g. The acceptability cookies showed that panelists prefered cookies with PD2 formulation. Conclusion: Substitution with papaya flour and dates puree increased the level of dietary fiber cookies.
The Effect Breakfast Of Energy Intake On Learning Concentration Level Among Islamic Boarding School Students
Background: Concentration was a critical element on learning process, and it is absolutely requires on learning. The factors that influence concentration of learning is hunger. These symptoms are usually experienced by students did not have breakfast before enter the class.Objective: This research was to analyze the effect of breakfast energy intake on learning concentration level among Islamic Boarding School students. Method: This study an observational study with a cross-sectional design. The research was conducted in Islamic Boarding schools Darussalam Gontor 2 for Girls in East Java , Mantingan, Indonesia. The research was conducted within three months, calculated December 26th, 2018 to February 28th, 2019. Result: The student's intakes staple food (rice), vegetables and animal protein, vegetables, and snacks. They had seven days menu cycle. Their energy intake is 1194,9 kcal, 43% of respondent got enough calories and 57% had fewer calories. Level of concentration most responden 54,7 % had medium, 42,8 % had good and the rest was bad. There was significant correlation between breakfast and concentration p.value 0,04 < 0,05. Conclusion: There was the effect of breakfast energy intake on learning concentration level among students islamic boarding school. Keyword: adolescents, calorie of breakfast, concentration of learning