A REVIEW OF LEGAL PROBLEMS IN MALAYSIAN STRICT PRODUCT LIABILITY LAW – MAQASID SYARIAH AS A WAY FORWARD
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss2pp239-260Abstract
Background and Purpose: Consumers who suffer from injury or property damage due to the existence of a defect in a given product is entitled to bring a legal action in court based on product liability law provisions in Malaysia. This study aims to analyse the legal problems of strict civil liability in product liability law in Malaysia based on the Consumer Protection Act 1999 (Act 599) (hereinafter “CPA 1999”).
Methodology: By applying a doctrinal approach based on qualitative methodology of legal research, this study involved a thorough analysis of the CPA 1999 as well as previous court cases. The findings of this study were analysed using content analysis and critical analysis methods in order to record the similarities and differences which exist, as well as to draw conclusions on the meaning and application of the said law.
Findings: The findings prove that there are several weaknesses in the existing strict civil product liability provisions in Malaysia, which are still unresolved in terms of the meaning of product defect and proof of causation.
Contribution: This paper recommends that any improvements on the legal provisions for strict civil liability under product liability law in Malaysia to be evaluated from a different perspective based on Islamic principles of product liability and the theory of Maqasid Syariah, which has rarely been analysed.
Keywords: Causation, doctrinal, Maqasid Syariah, product liability, strict civil liability.
Cite as: Mohd Shukri, M. H., Ismail, R., & Markom, R. (2020). A review of legal problems in Malaysian strict product liability law – Maqasid Syariah as a way forward. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(2), 239-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss2pp239-260
References
Ahmad Ayoup, M. M. (2016). Irsyad al-hadith siri ke-85: Biografi Imam Al-Juwainiy. Retrieved from https://muftiwp.gov.my/en/artikel/irsyad-al-hadith/1100-irsyad-al-hadith-siri-ke-85-biografi-imam-al-juwainiy
Al-Khin, M., Al-Bugha, M., & Asy-Syarbaji, A. (2005). Kitab Fikah Mazhab Syafie (Vol. 6). Pustaka Salam Sdn Bhd.
Al-Maududi, S. A. A. (1989). Toward understanding the Quran – English version of Tafhim Al-Quran (Trans. Zafar Ishaq Ansari, Vol. 2). The Islamic Foundation.
Al-Raysuni, A. (2006). Imam Al-Shatibi’s theory of the higher objectives and intents of Islamic Law (1st ed.). The International Institute of Islamic Thought.
Amin, N., & Abdul Aziz, N. (2015). The liability of the manufacturer of false halal products under product liability law. Asian Social Science, 11(15), 295-301.
Andrew, F. M. (2015). Naturalizing Sharia: Foundationalist ambiguities in modem Islamic apologetics. Islamic Law and Society, 22(1), 45-81.
Auda, J. (2010). Maqasid Al-Shariah as philosophy of Islamic Law (1st ed.). The International Institute of Islamic Thought.
Basmeih, A. (2013). Tafsir pimpinan Ar-Rahman kepada pengertian Al-Quran (30 Juz) – Mushaf Malaysia Rasm Uthmani (2nd ed.). DarulFikir.
Brennan, M. T., & Thomson, A. R. (1990). Product liability and the medical profession. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 83(12), 807-808.
Ceballos, C. T., & Sosas, R. V. (2018). On court proceedings: A forensic linguistic analysis on maxim violation. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 3(2), 17-31.
Che Ngah, A., Ahmad Yusoff, A. A., & Ismail, R. (2017). Product liability in Malaysia. In H. Koziol, M. D. Green, M. Lunney, K. Oliphant, & L. Yang (Eds.), Product liability: Fundamental questions in a comparative perspective (pp.120-146). Walter de Gruyter GmBH.
David, G. O. (2007). The evolutions of product liability law. Review of Litigation, 26(4), 955-989.
Duncan, N. J., & Hutchinson, T. (2012). Defining and describing what we do: Doctrinal legal research. Deakin Law Review, 17(1), 83-119.
Ebrahim, A. F. M. (2014). Vaccination in the context of al-Maqasid al-Shari`a (objectives of divine law) and Islamic medical jurisprudence. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 3(9), 44-52.
Fairgrieve, D., & Howells, G. (2007a). Is product liability still a global problem? Managerial Law, 49(1/2), 6-9.
Fairgrieve, D., & Howells, G. (2007b). Rethinking product liability: A missing element in the European Commission's third review of the European product liability directive. The Modern Law Review, 70(6), 962-978.
Fairgrieve, D., Howells, G., & Pilgerstorger, M. (2013). The product liability directive: Time to get soft. Journal of European Tort Law, 4(1), 1-33.
Goldberg, R. (2014). Epidemiological uncertainty, causation and drug product liability. McGill Law Journal, 59(4), 777-818.
Howells, G., & Weatherill, S. (2005). Consumer Protection Law (2nd ed.). Ashgate Publishing Limited.
Ibn al-Hajjaj, A. H. M. (2007a). English translation of Sahih Muslim (Trans. Nasiruddin al-Khattab, Vol. 1). Maktaba Dar-us-Salam.
Ibn al-Hajjaj, A. H. M. (2007b). English translation of Sahih Muslim (Trans. Nasiruddin al-Khattab, Vol. 5). Maktaba Dar-us-Salam.
Ibn Ashur, M. A. T. (2006). Ibn Ashur: Treatise on Maqasid al-Shari’ah (Terj. Mohamed El-Tahir El-Mesawi). The International Institute of Islamic Thought.
Ibn Qayyim, A. J. (2000). I’lamul Muwaqi’in [Panduan Hukum Islam] (Trans. Asep Saefullah FM dan Kamaluddim Sa'diyatulharamain). Pustaka Azzam.
Ismail, R., Mohd Zakuan, Z. Z., Ahmad Yusoff, S. S., Markom, R., Mohamed Isa, S., & Abdul Aziz, A. (2015). Product liability law under the Malaysian Consumer Protection act 1999: Justice for consumers? International Business Management, 9(6), 1290-1296.
Keith, N. H. (2016). Tort Law: A modern perspective. Cambridge University Press.
Khan, M. A., & Usmani, H. (2018). A Shariah appraisal of United Kingdom’s strict product liability regime. Al-Azhar, 4(1), 48-84.
Khan, M. A. (2018). The Islamic law of torts and product liability (an analysis). Pakistan Journal of Islamic Research, 19(1), 15-35.
Lahsasna, A. (2013). Maqasid Al-Shariah in Islamic Finance (1st ed.). Islamic Banking & Finance Institute Malaysia.
Laldin, M. A., & Furqani, H. (2014). Maqasid Al-Shariah and stipulation of conditions (shurut) in contracts. ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance, 6(1), 173-182.
Lamido, A. A. (2016). Maqasid al-Shari’ah as a framework for economic development theorization. International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance Studies, 2(1), 27-49.
Macleod, J. K. (2007). Consumer Sales Law (2nd ed.). Routledge-Cavendish.
Markom, R., & Yaakub, N. I. (2015). Litigation as dispute resolution mechanism in Islamic finance: Malaysian experience. European Journal of Law and Economics, 40(3), 565-584.
Mohamad, A. B. (2000). Strict liability in the Islamic law of tort. Islamic Studies, 39(3), 445-461.
Mohamad, A. B. (2008). The egg-shell skull rule in cases of nervous shock in Islamic law of tort. Islamiyyat, 30(1), 3-28.
Mohamed Shapik, M. Z. (2013). Jenayah Riddah di Malaysia: Cadangan penyelesaian berasaskan Maqasid Syariyyah. In A. K. Ali, & M. R. Mohd Nor (Eds.), Undang-Undang Syariah di Malaysia (pp. 165-199). Persatuan Ulama’ Malaysia.
Mohammed Na’aim, M. S., Rajamanickam, R., & Nordin, R. (2019). Female victims of domestic violence and their rights to compensation in Malaysia. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 4(1), 384-400.
Nahler, G. (2009). Dictionary of pharmaceutical medicine (2nd ed.). Springer.
Nyazee, I. A. K. (2003). Islamic jurisprudence [Usul al-Fiqh] (2nd ed.). The Other Press.
Omar, A. F., Mohd Nor, A. H., Alias, M. N., Samsudin, M. A., Ibrahim, I. A., Laluddin, H., … Husni, A. M. (2012). Hayatullah [Hayatul@Ukm.My] the importance of the Maqasid al-Shari'ah in the process of governing and policy making. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 6(6), 823-830.
Parkinson, M. M. (2016). Corporate governance during financial distress – An empirical analysis. International of Law and Management, 58(5), 486-506.
Rahman, F. K., Tareq, M. A., Yunanda, R. A., & Mahdzir, A. (2017). Maqashid Al-Shari’ah-based performance measurement for the halal industry. Humanomics, 33(3), 357-370.
Rajapakse, P. J. (2016). Contamination of food and drinks: Product liability in Australia. Deakin Law Review, 21(1), 45-70.
Randy A. N., & James N. D. (2008). Strict product liability and safety: Evidence from the general aviation market. Economic Inquiry, 46(3), 425-437.
Scott, C., & Black, J. (2000). Cranston’s Consumers and the Law (3rd ed.). Butterworths.
Shinkafi, A. A., & Ali, N. A. (2017). Contemporary Islamic economic studies on Maqasid Shari’ah: A systematic literature review. Humanomics, 33(3), 315-334.
Stephen, S. W. (2016). Product liability issues in the U.S. and associated risk management. In M. Markus, G. Christian, L. Barbara, & W. Hermann (Eds.), Autonomous Driving (553-569). Springer.
Stuart, B. Q. C. (2001). The hepatitis C litigation: A green light for product liability claims. Clinical Risk, 7(4), 144-148.
Ueffing, M. (2013). Directive 85/374 – European victory or a defective product itself? MaRBle Research Papers: Europeanisation of Private Law, 4(1), 373-424.
Verheyen, T. (2018). Full harmonization, consumer protection and products liability: A fresh reading of the case law of the ECJ. European Review of Private Law, 26(1), 119-140.
Yaqin, A. (2007). Legal research and writing. Malayan Law Journal Sdn Bhd.
