RESILIENCE, PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT, AND LIFE SATISFACTION AMONG MALAYSIAN COLLEGE STUDENTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol6iss2pp21-40Abstract
Background and Purpose: Resilience is an essential element of life satisfaction. Individuals with high resilience are normally able to cope with a problem and find its solutions. Resilience is critical in helping students to achieve life satisfaction and good mental health. In addition, social support has been found as one of the good predictors in achieving life satisfaction. However, the underlying mechanism by which resilience is associated with life satisfaction has been under examined. The current study investigates the association between resilience and life satisfaction among Malaysian college students, focusing on social support as a factor mediating this association.
Methodology: A total of 491 students participated in this study. The data were collected using a set of questionnaires. The mediation model was tested using structural equational modelling.
Findings: Results showed that the total effects of resilience on life satisfaction were significant. Furthermore, social support mediated the influence of resilience on life satisfaction. Therefore, improving resilience and enhancing social support may increase Malaysian college students’ satisfaction in life.
Contributions: The present study has implications on enhancing life satisfaction among college students. Finally, the study highlights the importance of social support in the implementation of intervention programmes with the goal of enhancing life satisfaction.
Keywords: Social support, Malaysian, college students, life satisfaction, resilience.
References
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Backs-Dermott, B. J., Dobson, K. S., & Jones, S. L. (2010). An evaluation of an integrated model of relapse in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 124(1), 60–67.
Belkin, G. S. (1984). Introduction to counselling (2nd ed.). William C. Brown.
Bentler, P. M. (2005). EQS 6 structural equations program manual. Multivariate Software, Encino.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(1), 588–606.
Berkel, L. A., & Constantine, M. G. (2005). Relational variables and life satisfaction in African American and Asian American college women. Journal of College Counseling, 8(1), 5-13.
Bieda, A., Hirschfeld, G., Schönfeld, P., Brailovskaia, J., Lin, M., & Margraf, J. (2019). Happiness, life satisfaction and positive mental health: Investigating reciprocal effects over four years in a Chinese student sample. Journal of Research in
Personality, 78(1), 198-209.
Bilgin, O., & Tas, I. (2018). Effects of perceived social support and psychological resilience on social media addiction among university students. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(4), 751-758.
Brannan, D., Biswas-Diener, R., & Mohr, C. D. (2013). Friends and family: A cross-cultural investigation of social support and subjective well-being among college students. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(1), 65–75.
Carver, C. S. (1998). Resilience and thriving: Issues, models, and linkages. Journal of Social Issues, 54(1), 245–266.
Clark, A. M., & Sousa, B. J. (2017). The mental health of people doing qualitative research: Getting serious about risks and remedies. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 17(1), 1-3.
Cohn, M. A., Fredrickson, B. L., Brown, S. L., Mikels, J. A., & Conway, A. M. (2009). Happiness unpacked: Positive emotions increase life satisfaction by building resilience. Emotion, 9(3), 361–368.
Davey, A., Bouman, W. P., & Arcelus, J. (2014). Social support and psychological well-being in gender dysphoria: A comparison of patients with matched controls. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 11(12), 2976–2985.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
Dour, H. J., Wiley, J. F., Roy-Byrne, P., Stein, M. B., Sullivan, G., Sherbourne, C. D., ... Craske, M. G. (2014). Perceived social support mediates anxiety and depressive symptom changes following primary care intervention. Depress Anxiety, 31(5),
436-442.
Eagan, M. K., Stolzenberg, E. B., Ramirez, J. J., Aragon, M. C., Suchard, M. R., & Rios-Aguilar, C. (2016). The American freshman: Fifty-year trends 1966-2015. Higher Education Research Institute, UCLA.
Foster, K., Cuzzillo, C., & Furness, T. (2018). Strengthening mental health nurses’ resilience through a workplace resilience programme: A qualitative inquiry. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 25(1), 338-348.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Gratitude, like other positive emotions, broadens and builds. In R. A. Emmons & M. E. McCullough (Eds.), Series in affective science: The psychology of gratitude (pp. 145–166). Oxford University Press.
Grimm, L. G., & Yarnold, P. R. (1995). Reading and understanding multivariate statistics. American Psychological Association.
Hair. Jr., J. F., Black., W. C., Babin., B. J., Anderson., R. E., & Tatham., R. (2006). Multivariant data analysis. Pearson International Edition.
Hansen, M. C., Fuentes, D. F., & Aranda, M. P. (2018). Re-engagement into care: The role of social support on service use for recurrent episodes of mental health distress. Journal of Behavioral Health Services Research, 45(1), 90-104.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55.
Hybels, C. F., Pieper, C. F., Blazer, D. G., & Steffens, D. C. (2016). Heterogeneity in the three-year course of major depression among older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 31(7), 775-782.
Itzhaki, M., Peles-Bortz, A., Kostistky, H., Barnoy, D., Filshtinsky, V., & Bluvstein, I. (2015). Exposure of mental health nurses to violence associated with job stress, life satisfaction, staff resilience, and post-traumatic growth. International Journal of
Mental Health Nursing, 24(5), 403-412.
Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hunghes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(12), 1048-1060.
Kessler, R. C., & Ustun, B. (2008). The WHO world mental health surveys: Global perspectives of mental health surveys. Cambridge University Press.
Kessler, R. C., & Bromet, E. J. (2013). The epidemiology of depression across cultures. Annual Review of Public Health, 34(10), 119-138.
Kilinc, A., & Granello, P. (2003). Overall life satisfaction and help-seeking attitudes of Turkish college students in the United States: Implications for college counselors. Journal of College Counseling, 6(1), 56-68.
Kline, R. B. (2005). Methodology in the social sciences: Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
Koelmel, E., Hughes, A. J., Alschuler, K. N., & Ehde, D. M. (2017). Resilience mediates the longitudinal relationships between social support and mental health outcomes in multiple sclerosis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 98(6),
1139-1148.
Koenders, M. A., Giltay, E. J., Hoencamp, E., Elzinga, B. M., Spinhoven, P., & Spijker, A. T. (2015). The bidirectional impact of perceived and enacted support on mood bipolar outpatients. A two-year prospective study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 60(1),
59-67.
Kongsuk, T. (2008). The prevalence of major depressive disorders in Thailand: Results from the epidemiology of mental disorders national survey 2008. http://www.dmh.go.th/downloadportal/Morbidity/ Depress2551.pdf
Kroenke, C. H., Kubzansky, L. D., Schernhammer, E. S., Holmes, M. D., & Kawachi, I. (2006). Social networks, social support, and survival after breast cancer diagnosis. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24(7), 1105–1111.
Kumar, H., Shaheen, A., Rasool, I., & Shafi, M. (2016). Psychological distress and life satisfaction among university students. Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry, 5(3), 1-7.
Li, H., Martin, A. J., Armstrong, D., & Walker, R. (2011). Risk, protection, and resilience in Chinese adolescents: A psycho-social study. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 14(4), 269-282.
Lu, L. (2009). ‘I or we’: Family socialisation values in a national probability sample in Taiwan. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 12(2), 145-150.
Malkoç, A., & Yalçın, İ. (2015). Relationships among resilience, social support, coping, and psychological well-being among university students. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 5(43), 35-43.
Mardia, K. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57(1), 519-530.
Mardia, K. V. (1974). Applications of some measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis in testing normality and robustness studies. Sankhya, Series B, 36(1), 115–128.
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396.
Menec, V. H., Newall, N. E., Mackenzie, C. S., Shooshtari, S., & Nowicki, S. (2020). Examining social isolation and loneliness in combination in relation to social support and psychological distress using Canadian Longitudinal Study of Aging (CLSA)
data. PLOS ONE, 15(3), 1-20.
Merikangas, K. R., He, J. P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., & Avenevoli, S. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in US adolescents: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication--adolescent supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 980–989.
Ministry of Health. (2019). The national health and morbidity survey 2019: Non-communicable diseases, healthcare demand and health literacy. Institute for Public Health.
Mitchell, N. A. (2000). Sister-friends: A counselling group for black female undergraduates. Journal of College Counseling, 3(1), 73–77.
Nabi, R. L., Prestin, A., & So, J. (2013). Facebook friends with (health) benefits? Exploring social network site use and perceptions of social support, stress, and well-being. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(10), 721–727.
Pallant, J. (2013). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (4th ed.). Allen & Unwin.
Oldfield, J., Stevenson, A., Ortiz, E., & Haley, B. (2018). Promoting or suppressing resilience to mental health outcomes in at risk young people: The role of parental and peer attachment and school connectedness. Journal of Adolescence, 64(1),
13-22.
Pietrzak, R. H., Russo, A. R., Ling, Q., & Southwick, S. M. (2010). Suicidal ideation in treatment-seeking veterans of operations enduring freedom and Iraqi freedom: The role of coping strategies, resilience, and social support. Journal of Psychiatric
Research, 45(6), 720-726.
Raja Mahmoud, J. S., Staten, R. T., Hall, L. A., & Lennie, T. A. (2012). The relationship among young adult college students’ depression, anxiety, stress, demographics, life satisfaction, and coping styles. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 33(3), 149-156.
Rzeszutek, M., Oniszczenko, W., & Firląg-Burkacka, E. (2017). Social support, stress coping strategies, resilience and posttraumatic growth in a Polish sample of HIV-infected individuals: Results of a 1-year longitudinal study. Journal of Behavioural
Medicine, 40(6), 942–954.
Scarf, D., Hayhurst, J. G., Riordan, B. C., Boyes, M., Ruffman, T., & Hunter, J. A. (2017). Increasing resilience in adolescents: The importance of social connectedness in adventure education programmes. Australasian Psychiatry, 25(2), 154–156.
Shelton, A., Wang., D. C., & Zhu, W. (2017). Perceived social support and mental health: Cultural orientations as moderators. Journal of College Counseling, 20(1), 194-207.
Shen, K., & Zeng, Y. (2011). The association between resilience and survival among Chinese elderly. Demographic Research, 23(5), 105–116.
Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernand, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194-200.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2014). Using multivariate statistics. Allyn & Bacon.
Tusaie, K., & Dyer, J. (2004). Resilience: A historical review of the construct. Holistic Nursing Practice, 18(1), 3–8.
Umberson, D., & Montez, J. K. (2010). Social relationships and health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(1), S54–S66.
Ungar, M. (2008). Resilience across cultures. The British Journal of Social Work, 38(2), 218–235.
Wang, J. M., Mann, F., Lloyd-Evans, B., Ma, R., & Johnson, S. (2018). Associations between loneliness and perceived social support and outcomes of mental health problems: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 18(156), 1-16.
Wang, P. S., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Borges, G., Bromet, E. J., … de Girolamo, G. (2007). Use of mental health services for anxiety, mood, and substance disorders in 17 countries in the WHO world mental health surveys.
Lancet, Author Manuscript, 370(9590), 841–850.
Weitzman, E. R., Nelson, T. F., & Lee, H. (2004). Reducing drinking and related harms in college: Evaluation of the "A Matter of Degree" program. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27(1), 187-196.
Wilks, S. E., & Spivey, C. A. (2010). Resilience in undergraduate social work students: Social support and adjustment to academic stress. Social Work Education: The International Journal, 29(3), 276-288.
Zakin, Z., Solomon, Y., & Neriya, Y. (2003). Hardiness, attachment style, and long term psychological distress among Israeli POWs and combat veterans. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 34(1), 819-829.
Zhang, M., Zhang, J., Zhang, F., Zhang, L., & Feng, D. (2018). Prevalence of psychological distress and the effects of resilience and perceived social support among Chinese college students: Does gender make a difference? Psychiatry Research,
267(1), 409-413.
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41.
Akanni, A. A., & Oduaran, C. A. (2018). Perceived social support and life satisfaction among freshmen: Mediating roles of academic self-efficacy and academic adjustment. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 28(2), 89-93.
Backs-Dermott, B. J., Dobson, K. S., & Jones, S. L. (2010). An evaluation of an integrated model of relapse in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 124(1), 60–67.
Belkin, G. S. (1984). Introduction to counselling (2nd ed.). William C. Brown.
Bentler, P. M. (2005). EQS 6 structural equations program manual. Multivariate Software, Encino.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(1), 588–606.
Berkel, L. A., & Constantine, M. G. (2005). Relational variables and life satisfaction in African American and Asian American college women. Journal of College Counseling, 8(1), 5-13.
Bieda, A., Hirschfeld, G., Schönfeld, P., Brailovskaia, J., Lin, M., & Margraf, J. (2019). Happiness, life satisfaction and positive mental health: Investigating reciprocal effects over four years in a Chinese student sample. Journal of Research in
Personality, 78(1), 198-209.
Bilgin, O., & Tas, I. (2018). Effects of perceived social support and psychological resilience on social media addiction among university students. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(4), 751-758.
Brannan, D., Biswas-Diener, R., & Mohr, C. D. (2013). Friends and family: A cross-cultural investigation of social support and subjective well-being among college students. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(1), 65–75.
Carver, C. S. (1998). Resilience and thriving: Issues, models, and linkages. Journal of Social Issues, 54(1), 245–266.
Clark, A. M., & Sousa, B. J. (2017). The mental health of people doing qualitative research: Getting serious about risks and remedies. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 17(1), 1-3.
Cohn, M. A., Fredrickson, B. L., Brown, S. L., Mikels, J. A., & Conway, A. M. (2009). Happiness unpacked: Positive emotions increase life satisfaction by building resilience. Emotion, 9(3), 361–368.
Davey, A., Bouman, W. P., & Arcelus, J. (2014). Social support and psychological well-being in gender dysphoria: A comparison of patients with matched controls. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 11(12), 2976–2985.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
Dour, H. J., Wiley, J. F., Roy-Byrne, P., Stein, M. B., Sullivan, G., Sherbourne, C. D., ... Craske, M. G. (2014). Perceived social support mediates anxiety and depressive symptom changes following primary care intervention. Depress Anxiety, 31(5),
436-442.
Eagan, M. K., Stolzenberg, E. B., Ramirez, J. J., Aragon, M. C., Suchard, M. R., & Rios-Aguilar, C. (2016). The American freshman: Fifty-year trends 1966-2015. Higher Education Research Institute, UCLA.
Foster, K., Cuzzillo, C., & Furness, T. (2018). Strengthening mental health nurses’ resilience through a workplace resilience programme: A qualitative inquiry. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 25(1), 338-348.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Gratitude, like other positive emotions, broadens and builds. In R. A. Emmons & M. E. McCullough (Eds.), Series in affective science: The psychology of gratitude (pp. 145–166). Oxford University Press.
Grimm, L. G., & Yarnold, P. R. (1995). Reading and understanding multivariate statistics. American Psychological Association.
Hair. Jr., J. F., Black., W. C., Babin., B. J., Anderson., R. E., & Tatham., R. (2006). Multivariant data analysis. Pearson International Edition.
Hansen, M. C., Fuentes, D. F., & Aranda, M. P. (2018). Re-engagement into care: The role of social support on service use for recurrent episodes of mental health distress. Journal of Behavioral Health Services Research, 45(1), 90-104.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55.
Hybels, C. F., Pieper, C. F., Blazer, D. G., & Steffens, D. C. (2016). Heterogeneity in the three-year course of major depression among older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 31(7), 775-782.
Itzhaki, M., Peles-Bortz, A., Kostistky, H., Barnoy, D., Filshtinsky, V., & Bluvstein, I. (2015). Exposure of mental health nurses to violence associated with job stress, life satisfaction, staff resilience, and post-traumatic growth. International Journal of
Mental Health Nursing, 24(5), 403-412.
Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hunghes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(12), 1048-1060.
Kessler, R. C., & Ustun, B. (2008). The WHO world mental health surveys: Global perspectives of mental health surveys. Cambridge University Press.
Kessler, R. C., & Bromet, E. J. (2013). The epidemiology of depression across cultures. Annual Review of Public Health, 34(10), 119-138.
Kilinc, A., & Granello, P. (2003). Overall life satisfaction and help-seeking attitudes of Turkish college students in the United States: Implications for college counselors. Journal of College Counseling, 6(1), 56-68.
Kline, R. B. (2005). Methodology in the social sciences: Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
Koelmel, E., Hughes, A. J., Alschuler, K. N., & Ehde, D. M. (2017). Resilience mediates the longitudinal relationships between social support and mental health outcomes in multiple sclerosis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 98(6),
1139-1148.
Koenders, M. A., Giltay, E. J., Hoencamp, E., Elzinga, B. M., Spinhoven, P., & Spijker, A. T. (2015). The bidirectional impact of perceived and enacted support on mood bipolar outpatients. A two-year prospective study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 60(1),
59-67.
Kongsuk, T. (2008). The prevalence of major depressive disorders in Thailand: Results from the epidemiology of mental disorders national survey 2008. http://www.dmh.go.th/downloadportal/Morbidity/ Depress2551.pdf
Kroenke, C. H., Kubzansky, L. D., Schernhammer, E. S., Holmes, M. D., & Kawachi, I. (2006). Social networks, social support, and survival after breast cancer diagnosis. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24(7), 1105–1111.
Kumar, H., Shaheen, A., Rasool, I., & Shafi, M. (2016). Psychological distress and life satisfaction among university students. Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry, 5(3), 1-7.
Li, H., Martin, A. J., Armstrong, D., & Walker, R. (2011). Risk, protection, and resilience in Chinese adolescents: A psycho-social study. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 14(4), 269-282.
Lu, L. (2009). ‘I or we’: Family socialisation values in a national probability sample in Taiwan. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 12(2), 145-150.
Malkoç, A., & Yalçın, İ. (2015). Relationships among resilience, social support, coping, and psychological well-being among university students. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 5(43), 35-43.
Mardia, K. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57(1), 519-530.
Mardia, K. V. (1974). Applications of some measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis in testing normality and robustness studies. Sankhya, Series B, 36(1), 115–128.
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396.
Menec, V. H., Newall, N. E., Mackenzie, C. S., Shooshtari, S., & Nowicki, S. (2020). Examining social isolation and loneliness in combination in relation to social support and psychological distress using Canadian Longitudinal Study of Aging (CLSA)
data. PLOS ONE, 15(3), 1-20.
Merikangas, K. R., He, J. P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., & Avenevoli, S. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in US adolescents: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication--adolescent supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 980–989.
Ministry of Health. (2019). The national health and morbidity survey 2019: Non-communicable diseases, healthcare demand and health literacy. Institute for Public Health.
Mitchell, N. A. (2000). Sister-friends: A counselling group for black female undergraduates. Journal of College Counseling, 3(1), 73–77.
Nabi, R. L., Prestin, A., & So, J. (2013). Facebook friends with (health) benefits? Exploring social network site use and perceptions of social support, stress, and well-being. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(10), 721–727.
Pallant, J. (2013). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (4th ed.). Allen & Unwin.
Oldfield, J., Stevenson, A., Ortiz, E., & Haley, B. (2018). Promoting or suppressing resilience to mental health outcomes in at risk young people: The role of parental and peer attachment and school connectedness. Journal of Adolescence, 64(1),
13-22.
Pietrzak, R. H., Russo, A. R., Ling, Q., & Southwick, S. M. (2010). Suicidal ideation in treatment-seeking veterans of operations enduring freedom and Iraqi freedom: The role of coping strategies, resilience, and social support. Journal of Psychiatric
Research, 45(6), 720-726.
Raja Mahmoud, J. S., Staten, R. T., Hall, L. A., & Lennie, T. A. (2012). The relationship among young adult college students’ depression, anxiety, stress, demographics, life satisfaction, and coping styles. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 33(3), 149-156.
Rzeszutek, M., Oniszczenko, W., & Firląg-Burkacka, E. (2017). Social support, stress coping strategies, resilience and posttraumatic growth in a Polish sample of HIV-infected individuals: Results of a 1-year longitudinal study. Journal of Behavioural
Medicine, 40(6), 942–954.
Scarf, D., Hayhurst, J. G., Riordan, B. C., Boyes, M., Ruffman, T., & Hunter, J. A. (2017). Increasing resilience in adolescents: The importance of social connectedness in adventure education programmes. Australasian Psychiatry, 25(2), 154–156.
Shelton, A., Wang., D. C., & Zhu, W. (2017). Perceived social support and mental health: Cultural orientations as moderators. Journal of College Counseling, 20(1), 194-207.
Shen, K., & Zeng, Y. (2011). The association between resilience and survival among Chinese elderly. Demographic Research, 23(5), 105–116.
Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernand, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194-200.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2014). Using multivariate statistics. Allyn & Bacon.
Tusaie, K., & Dyer, J. (2004). Resilience: A historical review of the construct. Holistic Nursing Practice, 18(1), 3–8.
Umberson, D., & Montez, J. K. (2010). Social relationships and health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(1), S54–S66.
Ungar, M. (2008). Resilience across cultures. The British Journal of Social Work, 38(2), 218–235.
Wang, J. M., Mann, F., Lloyd-Evans, B., Ma, R., & Johnson, S. (2018). Associations between loneliness and perceived social support and outcomes of mental health problems: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 18(156), 1-16.
Wang, P. S., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Borges, G., Bromet, E. J., … de Girolamo, G. (2007). Use of mental health services for anxiety, mood, and substance disorders in 17 countries in the WHO world mental health surveys.
Lancet, Author Manuscript, 370(9590), 841–850.
Weitzman, E. R., Nelson, T. F., & Lee, H. (2004). Reducing drinking and related harms in college: Evaluation of the "A Matter of Degree" program. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27(1), 187-196.
Wilks, S. E., & Spivey, C. A. (2010). Resilience in undergraduate social work students: Social support and adjustment to academic stress. Social Work Education: The International Journal, 29(3), 276-288.
Zakin, Z., Solomon, Y., & Neriya, Y. (2003). Hardiness, attachment style, and long term psychological distress among Israeli POWs and combat veterans. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 34(1), 819-829.
Zhang, M., Zhang, J., Zhang, F., Zhang, L., & Feng, D. (2018). Prevalence of psychological distress and the effects of resilience and perceived social support among Chinese college students: Does gender make a difference? Psychiatry Research,
267(1), 409-413.
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41.
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2021-06-30
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RESILIENCE, PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT, AND LIFE SATISFACTION AMONG MALAYSIAN COLLEGE STUDENTS. (2021). Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS), 6(2), 21-40. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol6iss2pp21-40
