ORDINAL REGRESSION FOR MODELLING THE FAMILY WELL-BEING AMONG THE MALAYSIANS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol6iss2pp424-447Abstract
Background and Purpose: Understanding factors which affect the level of family well-being is important as it contributes to effective decision making among the policymakers to improve the family lives as well as to strengthen the family institution. Accordingly, this line of research is gaining attention. This study develops an ordinal regression model which identifies demographic, economic and social factors that are significant in explaining the status of family well-being.
Methodology: This study used data involving 2,808 respondents from a nationwide survey conducted by the National Population and Family Development Board of Malaysia in 2011. An ordinal regression model was implemented to describe the three levels of family well-being.
Findings: The national survey reported that 76.3% of the respondents experienced a high level of family well-being, followed by moderate (18.4%) and low (5.3%). The fitted ordinal regression model found that ethnic background, family relationship, community relationship, health and safety levels, family economic situation, religious practice, housing, and environment are significantly related to family well-being. Meanwhile, it was found that income level is not a significant factor in determining family well-being.
Contributions: There are a limited number of studies on the application of ordinal regression for modelling the level of family well-being, particularly with covariates involving the demographic and social characteristics of the respondents. This study fills in the gap in the literature where the ordinal regression model provides useful information for policymakers to enhance the status of family well-being in Malaysia via various policy initiatives.
Keywords: Family well-being, Ordinal Regression Model, ordinal data, Proportional Odds Model.
References
Agresti, A. (2007). An introducing to categorical data analysis. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Agresti, A. (2010). Analysis of ordinal categorical data. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Agresti, A. (2011). Examples of using R for modeling ordinal data. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Armstrong, M. I., Birnie-lefcovitch, S., Ungar, M. T., & van den Borne, B. (2005). Pathways between social support, family well-being, quality of parenting, and child resilience: What we know. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 14(2), 269–281.
Arvidsson, R. (2019). On the use of ordinal scoring scales in social life cycle assessment. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 24(3), 604–606.
Australia Families. (2006). Family wellbeing in Australia: A families Australia vision. Families Australia Inc.
Burton, P. (2011). Families, time, and well-Being in Canada. Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques, 37(3), 395–423.
Christensen, R. H. B. (2019). Cumulative link models for ordinal regression with the R package ordinal. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ordinal/vignettes/clm_article.pdf
Clark, A. E., Frijters, P., & Shields, M. A. (2006). Income and happiness: Evidence, explanations and economic implications (Report No.: halshs-00590436). Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique.
Comanor, W. S., & Phillips, L. (2002). The impact of income and family structure on delinquency. Journal of Applied Economics, 5(2), 209–232.
Cummins, R. A., Eckersley, R., Pallant, J., Vugt, J. V., & Roseanne. (2003). Developing a national index of subjective wellbeing: The Australian unity wellbeing index. Social Indicator Research, 64(1), 159–190.
Desa, A., Yusoof, F., Ahmad, Z., Kadir, N. B. A., & Sani, M. N. M. (2015). Parenting skills, family functioning and psychological well-being among parents (in Malay). Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 29(2), 32–42.
Diener, E., & Ryan, K. (2015). Subjective well-being: A general overview. South African Journal of Psychology, 39(4), 391–406.
Fullerton, A. S. (2009). A conceptual framework for ordered logistic regression models. Sociological Methods & Research, 38(1), 306–347.
Grilli, L., & Rampichini, C. (2014). Ordered logit model. In A. C. Michalos (Ed.), Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research (pp. 4510–4513). Springer.
Hajdu, T., & Hadju, G. (2014). Income and subjective well-being: How important is the methodology? Hungarian Statistical Review, 92(18), 111–128.
Hassan, A., Yusoof, F., & Alavi, K. (2012). A healthy family generates prosperous community: An overview. Malaysia Journal of Society and Spcae, 8(5), 51–63.
Hosmer, D. W., Lemeshow, S., & Sturdivant, R. X. (2013). Applied logistics regression (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ihuoma, I. H. (2015). Strategies for enhancing financial wellbeing of spouses in Makurdi, Benue State-Nigeria. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 6(24), 74–79.
Khodayarifard, M., Ghobari-Bonab, B., Akbari-Zardkhaneh, S., Zandi, S., Zamanpour, E., & Derakhshan, M. (2016). Positive psychology from Islamic perspective. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 10(2), 77–83.
Krys, K., Capaldi, C. A., Zelenski, J. M., Park, J., Nader, M., Kocimska-Zych, A., … Uchida, Y. (2019). Family well-being is valued more than personal well-being: A four-country study. Current Psychology, 1(1), 1–12.
Lall, R. (2004). The application of ordinal regression models in quality of life scales used in gerontology. (Unpublished doctoral Thesis). University of Sheffield, United Kingdom.
Lall, R., Campbell, M. J., Walters, S. J., & Morgan, K. (2002). A review of ordinal regression models applied on health-related quality of life assessments. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 11(1), 49–67.
Liu, I., & Agresti, A. (2005). The analysis of ordered categorical data: An overview and a survey of recent developments. Sociedad de Estadıstica e Investigacion Operativa Test, 14(1), 1–73.
LPPKN. (2011). Family well-being index survey 2011. Lembaga Penduduk dan Pembangunan Keluarga Negara.
McFadden, D., Tye, W., & Train, K. (1977). An application of diagnostic tests for the irrelevant alternatives property of the multinomial logit model. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 637(1), 39–46.
Michalos, A. C., Smale, B., Labonté, R., Muharjarine, N., Scott, K., Guhn, M., … Hyman, I. (2011). The Canadian index of wellbeing. Canadian Index of Wellbeing and University of Waterloo.
Milligan, S., Fabian, F., Coope, P., & Errington, C. (2006). Family wellbeing indicators from the 1981–2001 New Zealand censuses. Statistics New Zealand, University of Auckland, University of Otago.
Noor, N. M., Gandhi, A. D., Ishak, I., & Wok, S. (2012). Development of indicators for family well-being in Malaysia. Social Indicators Research, 115(1), 279–318.
Pratiwi, N. M., & Kismiantini. (2019). Implementing ordinal regression model for analyzing happiness level in Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1320(1), 1-11.
Rachmadi, A. G., Safitri, N., & Aini, T. Q. (2019). Kebersyukuran: Studi komparasi perspektif psikologi barat dan psikologi Islam. Psikologika: Jurnal Pemikiran Dan Penelitian Psikologi, 24(2), 115–128.
Rahim, M. A. R. A., Ishak, I., Shafie, S. A. M., & Shafiai, R. M. (2013). Factors influencing family life satisfaction among parents in Malaysia: The structural equation modeling approach (SEM). IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS),
17(4), 78–85.
Ramli, Z., Masud, J., Haron, S. A., Othman, M., & Awang, S. M. A. H. (2014). Financial wellbeing of government sector workers in Malaysia: The case of dual-income families. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 10(3), 125–133.
Sapri, N. A. M., Ibrahim, K., Bakar, M. A. A., & Ariff, N. M. (2021). Determining important factors in Malaysian family well-being using tree-based classification techniques. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2355(1), 040010.
Schmidt, P., Clouth, J., Haggenmüller, L., Naber, D., & Reitberger, U. (2006). Constructing an index for the Subjective Well-being under Neuroleptics Scale (SWN), short form: Applying structural equation modeling for testing reliability and validity of
the index. Quality of Life Research, 15(1), 1191–1202.
Soukiazis, E., & Ramos, S. (2016). The structure of subjective well-being and its determinants: A micro-data study for Portugal. Social Indicators Research, 126(3), 1375–1399.
Thiyagarajan, A., Bagavandas, M., & Kosalram, K. (2019). Assessing the role of family well-being on the quality of life of Indian children with thalassemia. BMC Pediatrics, 19(1), 1–6.
Thomas, P. A., Liu, H., & Umberson, D. (2017). Family relationships and well-being. Innovation in Aging, 1(3), 1–11.
Tony, F., Patricia, K., & Ela, P. (2012). Family relationships and family Well-being: A study of the families of nine year-olds in Ireland. University College Dublin and the Family Support Agency.
Voukelatou, V., Gabrielli, L., Miliou, I., Cresci, S., Sharma, R., Tesconi, M., & Pappalardo, L. (2020). Measuring objective and subjective well-being: Dimensions and data sources. International Journal of Data Science and Analytics, 11(1), 279–309.
Winkelmann, R. (2005). Subjective well-being and the family: Results from an ordered probit model with multiple random effects. Empirical Economics, 30(3), 749–761.
Wollny, I., Apps, J., & Henricson, C. (2010). Can government measure family wellbeing? A literature review. Family and Parenting Institute.
Wu, H., Chou, M., Chen, W., & Tu, C. T. (2016). Relationship among family support, love attitude, and well-being of junior high school students. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(2), 370–377.
Yoon, D. P., & Lee, E. O. (2014). Religiousness/spirituality and subjective well-being among rural elderly Whites, African Americans, and Native Americans. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 10(1), 191–211.
Zubrick, S. R., Williams, A. A., Siliburn, S. R., & Vimpani, G. (2000). Indicators of social and family functioning. Department of Family and Community Services.
Agresti, A. (2010). Analysis of ordinal categorical data. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Agresti, A. (2011). Examples of using R for modeling ordinal data. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Armstrong, M. I., Birnie-lefcovitch, S., Ungar, M. T., & van den Borne, B. (2005). Pathways between social support, family well-being, quality of parenting, and child resilience: What we know. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 14(2), 269–281.
Arvidsson, R. (2019). On the use of ordinal scoring scales in social life cycle assessment. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 24(3), 604–606.
Australia Families. (2006). Family wellbeing in Australia: A families Australia vision. Families Australia Inc.
Burton, P. (2011). Families, time, and well-Being in Canada. Canadian Public Policy-Analyse De Politiques, 37(3), 395–423.
Christensen, R. H. B. (2019). Cumulative link models for ordinal regression with the R package ordinal. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ordinal/vignettes/clm_article.pdf
Clark, A. E., Frijters, P., & Shields, M. A. (2006). Income and happiness: Evidence, explanations and economic implications (Report No.: halshs-00590436). Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique.
Comanor, W. S., & Phillips, L. (2002). The impact of income and family structure on delinquency. Journal of Applied Economics, 5(2), 209–232.
Cummins, R. A., Eckersley, R., Pallant, J., Vugt, J. V., & Roseanne. (2003). Developing a national index of subjective wellbeing: The Australian unity wellbeing index. Social Indicator Research, 64(1), 159–190.
Desa, A., Yusoof, F., Ahmad, Z., Kadir, N. B. A., & Sani, M. N. M. (2015). Parenting skills, family functioning and psychological well-being among parents (in Malay). Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 29(2), 32–42.
Diener, E., & Ryan, K. (2015). Subjective well-being: A general overview. South African Journal of Psychology, 39(4), 391–406.
Fullerton, A. S. (2009). A conceptual framework for ordered logistic regression models. Sociological Methods & Research, 38(1), 306–347.
Grilli, L., & Rampichini, C. (2014). Ordered logit model. In A. C. Michalos (Ed.), Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research (pp. 4510–4513). Springer.
Hajdu, T., & Hadju, G. (2014). Income and subjective well-being: How important is the methodology? Hungarian Statistical Review, 92(18), 111–128.
Hassan, A., Yusoof, F., & Alavi, K. (2012). A healthy family generates prosperous community: An overview. Malaysia Journal of Society and Spcae, 8(5), 51–63.
Hosmer, D. W., Lemeshow, S., & Sturdivant, R. X. (2013). Applied logistics regression (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ihuoma, I. H. (2015). Strategies for enhancing financial wellbeing of spouses in Makurdi, Benue State-Nigeria. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 6(24), 74–79.
Khodayarifard, M., Ghobari-Bonab, B., Akbari-Zardkhaneh, S., Zandi, S., Zamanpour, E., & Derakhshan, M. (2016). Positive psychology from Islamic perspective. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 10(2), 77–83.
Krys, K., Capaldi, C. A., Zelenski, J. M., Park, J., Nader, M., Kocimska-Zych, A., … Uchida, Y. (2019). Family well-being is valued more than personal well-being: A four-country study. Current Psychology, 1(1), 1–12.
Lall, R. (2004). The application of ordinal regression models in quality of life scales used in gerontology. (Unpublished doctoral Thesis). University of Sheffield, United Kingdom.
Lall, R., Campbell, M. J., Walters, S. J., & Morgan, K. (2002). A review of ordinal regression models applied on health-related quality of life assessments. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 11(1), 49–67.
Liu, I., & Agresti, A. (2005). The analysis of ordered categorical data: An overview and a survey of recent developments. Sociedad de Estadıstica e Investigacion Operativa Test, 14(1), 1–73.
LPPKN. (2011). Family well-being index survey 2011. Lembaga Penduduk dan Pembangunan Keluarga Negara.
McFadden, D., Tye, W., & Train, K. (1977). An application of diagnostic tests for the irrelevant alternatives property of the multinomial logit model. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 637(1), 39–46.
Michalos, A. C., Smale, B., Labonté, R., Muharjarine, N., Scott, K., Guhn, M., … Hyman, I. (2011). The Canadian index of wellbeing. Canadian Index of Wellbeing and University of Waterloo.
Milligan, S., Fabian, F., Coope, P., & Errington, C. (2006). Family wellbeing indicators from the 1981–2001 New Zealand censuses. Statistics New Zealand, University of Auckland, University of Otago.
Noor, N. M., Gandhi, A. D., Ishak, I., & Wok, S. (2012). Development of indicators for family well-being in Malaysia. Social Indicators Research, 115(1), 279–318.
Pratiwi, N. M., & Kismiantini. (2019). Implementing ordinal regression model for analyzing happiness level in Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1320(1), 1-11.
Rachmadi, A. G., Safitri, N., & Aini, T. Q. (2019). Kebersyukuran: Studi komparasi perspektif psikologi barat dan psikologi Islam. Psikologika: Jurnal Pemikiran Dan Penelitian Psikologi, 24(2), 115–128.
Rahim, M. A. R. A., Ishak, I., Shafie, S. A. M., & Shafiai, R. M. (2013). Factors influencing family life satisfaction among parents in Malaysia: The structural equation modeling approach (SEM). IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS),
17(4), 78–85.
Ramli, Z., Masud, J., Haron, S. A., Othman, M., & Awang, S. M. A. H. (2014). Financial wellbeing of government sector workers in Malaysia: The case of dual-income families. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 10(3), 125–133.
Sapri, N. A. M., Ibrahim, K., Bakar, M. A. A., & Ariff, N. M. (2021). Determining important factors in Malaysian family well-being using tree-based classification techniques. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2355(1), 040010.
Schmidt, P., Clouth, J., Haggenmüller, L., Naber, D., & Reitberger, U. (2006). Constructing an index for the Subjective Well-being under Neuroleptics Scale (SWN), short form: Applying structural equation modeling for testing reliability and validity of
the index. Quality of Life Research, 15(1), 1191–1202.
Soukiazis, E., & Ramos, S. (2016). The structure of subjective well-being and its determinants: A micro-data study for Portugal. Social Indicators Research, 126(3), 1375–1399.
Thiyagarajan, A., Bagavandas, M., & Kosalram, K. (2019). Assessing the role of family well-being on the quality of life of Indian children with thalassemia. BMC Pediatrics, 19(1), 1–6.
Thomas, P. A., Liu, H., & Umberson, D. (2017). Family relationships and well-being. Innovation in Aging, 1(3), 1–11.
Tony, F., Patricia, K., & Ela, P. (2012). Family relationships and family Well-being: A study of the families of nine year-olds in Ireland. University College Dublin and the Family Support Agency.
Voukelatou, V., Gabrielli, L., Miliou, I., Cresci, S., Sharma, R., Tesconi, M., & Pappalardo, L. (2020). Measuring objective and subjective well-being: Dimensions and data sources. International Journal of Data Science and Analytics, 11(1), 279–309.
Winkelmann, R. (2005). Subjective well-being and the family: Results from an ordered probit model with multiple random effects. Empirical Economics, 30(3), 749–761.
Wollny, I., Apps, J., & Henricson, C. (2010). Can government measure family wellbeing? A literature review. Family and Parenting Institute.
Wu, H., Chou, M., Chen, W., & Tu, C. T. (2016). Relationship among family support, love attitude, and well-being of junior high school students. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(2), 370–377.
Yoon, D. P., & Lee, E. O. (2014). Religiousness/spirituality and subjective well-being among rural elderly Whites, African Americans, and Native Americans. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 10(1), 191–211.
Zubrick, S. R., Williams, A. A., Siliburn, S. R., & Vimpani, G. (2000). Indicators of social and family functioning. Department of Family and Community Services.
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2021-06-30
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ORDINAL REGRESSION FOR MODELLING THE FAMILY WELL-BEING AMONG THE MALAYSIANS. (2021). Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS), 6(2), 424-447. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol6iss2pp424-447
