FORMAL EDUCATION, WORK EXPERIENCE AND EMPOWERMENT OF THE FISHING COMMUNITY IN TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Efforts in bringing about changes to fishers' lives are often met with obstacles due to their lack of participation in empowerment programmes as well as their excessive reliance on external assistance. However, such situations are said to be the results of their level of education and work experience. This paper also examines the relationship between work experience with empowerment and formal education as a control variable to the relationship. Therefore, this paper aims to observe the reality of empowerment among fishing communities from the lens of participation and self-reliance among fishers in Terengganu, Malaysia. Concurrently, this study also reviews the theme mentioned above from the lens of formal education and work experience and their impacts on the fishing community empowerment.
Methodology: This study used a survey design and involved 220 coastal fishers, who were identified through multi-stage sampling. Data were gathered using a questionnaire, and data analysis was done through descriptive statistics and the Analysis of Variance Test (ANCOVA).
Findings: The empowerment of the fishing community in this study is not influenced by the number of years they have spent as fishers. On the other hand, their level of education plays a pertinent influence on their empowerment. Such a finding clearly shows that experience is not only a major factor in increasing the empowerment of the fishing community.
Contributions: This study contributes to our understanding that it is undeniably true that formal and informal education play an integral role in empowering the fishing community, where through education, fishers are more participative in their community and exhibit autonomy towards their work.
Keywords: Fishers, empowerment, formal education, experience, community development
Cite as: Tuan Sembok, T. M. Z., & Wan Ismail, W. A. A. Z. (2022). Formal education, work experience and empowerment of the fishing community in Terengganu, Malaysia. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(1), 366-389. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp366-389
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Mulyila, E. J., Matsuoka, T., & Anraku, K. (2012). Sustainability of fishers’ communities in tropical island fisheries from the perspectives of resource use and management: A comparative study of Pohnpei (Micronesia), Mafia (Tanzania), and Guimaras
(Philippines). Fisheries Science, 78(4), 947-964.
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Management and Muamalah 2015, 16th – 17th November (pp. 321-333). Kolej Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Selangor.
Nasibhul Janah, I. I., & Subroto, W. T. (2019). Comparison of cooperative learning models with inquiry on student learning outcomes. International Journal of Educational Research Review 4(2), 178-182.
Paim, L. (2014). Konsep rentan kepada kemiskinan. Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Pelit, E., Ozturk, Y., & Arslanturk, Y. (2011). The effect of employee empowerment on employee job satisfaction: A study on hotels in Turkey. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 23(6), 784-802.
Petersen, C. (2007). Educating and training out of poverty? Adult provision and the informal sector in fishing communities, South Africa. International Journal of Educational Development, 27(1), 446-457.
Pyles, L. (2009). Progressive community organizing. A critical approach for a globalizing world. Routledge.
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Sabitha, M. (2009). Penyelidikan Sains Sosial: Pendekatan pragmatik. Edusystem Sdn Bhd.
Sedgwick, P. (2015). Multistage sampling: The BMJ. Publishing Group Ltd.
Simmons, A., Reynolds, R. C., & Swinburn, B. (2011). Defining community capacity building: Is it possible? Preventive Medicine, 52(1), 193-199.
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Wilson, N., Minkler, M., Dasho, S., Wallerstein, N., & Martin, C. A. (2008). Getting to social action: The Youth Empowerment Strategies (YES) project. Health Promotion Practice, 9(4), 395-403.
Zamzani, L. (2016). Dinamika pranata sosial terhadap kearifan lokal masyarakat nelayan dalam Melestarikan Wisata Bahari. Jurnal Antropologi: Isu-Isu Sosial Budaya, 18(1), 57-67.
Aldon, M. E., Fermin, A. C., & Agbayani, R. F. (2011). Socio-cultural context of fishers' participation in coastal resources management in Anini-y, Antique in west central Philippines. Fisheries Research, 107(1), 112-121.
Ali Puteh, D. A., & Sa'at, N. H. (2012). Keberkesanan bantuan kerajaan untuk meningkatkan taraf sosioekonomi komuniti nelayan: Kajian kes nelayan muara pantai timur. Universiti Malaysia Terengganu.
Amir Zal, W. A., Abdul Rahman, N. H., Tengku Anuar, T. F., Mat Saleh, H., & Md Rasdi, S. A. (2020). An innovation in poverty measurement based on community capital: a case study of young fishermen in Malaysia. Journal of Poverty, 1(1), 1-27.
Amir Zal, W. A. (2012). The relationship between human capital and social capital and economic empowerment among Orang Kuala. Jurnal Teknologi, 58(1), 63-69.
Amir Zal, W. A. (2014). Community profiling Terengganu fishing community in the context of community capitak based capacity building. Universiti Malaysia Terengganu.
Ani, F., Abu Samah, A., Redzuan, M., & Ahmad, N. (2016). Pendekatan pendayaupayaan dalam pembangunan komuniti: Satu analisa dari teori kepada praktis. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(1), 34-44.
Aryanto, D. A., & Sudarti, S. (2017). Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pendapatan buruh nelayan di Pantai Sendangbiru Desa Tambakrejo Kabupaten Malang. Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 1(1), 16-29.
Awang, S. R., Idrus, D., Omar, R., & Abdul Rahman, S. A. (2004). Kajian ke atas pembangunan sosio budaya perkampungan nelayan tradisional di negeri Johor: Endau, Mersing, Pontian Besar dan Tanjung Sedili. (Laporan akhir penyelidikan).
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Johor.
Bahari, A. (2013). Working with community. Pustaka Qarya.
Bene, C., & Friend, R. M. (2011). Poverty in small-scale fisheries: Old issue, new analysis. Progress in Development Studies, 11(2), 119-144.
Capistrano, R. C. G., & Charles, A. T. (2012). Indigenous rights and coastal fisheries: A framework of livelihoods, rights and equity. Ocean & Coastal Management, 69(1), 200-209.
Cochran, W. G. (1963). Sampling techniques (2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Corbetta, P. (2003). Social research: Theory, method and technique. SAGE Publications Ltd.
Department of National Statistics. (2020). Selected agricultural indicators, Malaysia, 2020. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?
r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=72&bul_id=RXVKUVJ5TitHM0cwYWxlOHcxU3dKdz09&menu_id=Z0VTZGU1UHBUT1VJMFlpaXRRR0xpdz09
Fawcet, S., Abeykoon, P., Arora, M., Dobe, M., Gilliam, L. G., Liburd, L., & Munodawafa, D. (2010). Contructing an action agenda for community empowerment at the 7th Global Conference on Health Promotion in Nairobi. Global Health Promotion,
17(1), 52-56.
Fonchingong, C. C., & Fonjong, L. L. (2002). The concept of self-reliance in community development initiatives in the Cameroon grassfileds. GeoJurnal, 57(1), 83-94.
Firth, R. (1966). Malay fishermen: Their peasant economy. Norton Library.
Hasmori, A. A., Sarju, H., Norihan, I. S., Hamzah, R., & Saud, M. S. (2011). Education, curriculum and society: An integration. Journal of Edupres, 1(1), 350-356.
Helliwell, J. F., & Putnam, R. D. (2007). Education and social capital. Eastern Economic Journal, 33(1), 1-19.
Hussin, R., Md. Yasir, S., Hossin, A., & Kunjuran, V. (2015). Enhancing capacity building in seaweed cultivation system among the poor fishermen: A case study in Sabah, East Malaysia. Asian Social Science, 18(1), 1-9.
Ibrahim, A. Z., & Anuar, A. R. (2016). Determinant of coastal fisheries involvement in non-agricultural in Kuala Kedah, Kedah. Geografia, Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 12(14), 1-9.
Jentoft, S. (2005). Fisheries co-management as empowerment. Marine Policy, 29(1), 1-7.
Lamia, K. A. (2013). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat pendapatan nelayan kecamatan tumpaan, kabupaten minahasa selatan. Jurnal Emba: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, 4(1), 1748-1759.
Kayat, K., & Mohd Nor, N. A. (2006). Penglibatan ahli komuniti dalam program pembangunan komuniti: Satu kajian ke atas program homestay di Kedah. Akademika, 67(1), 77-102.
LKIM. (2017). Lembaga Kemajuan Ikan Malaysia. https://www.lkim.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Buku-Laporan-Risikan-Pasaran-Tahunan-2017.pdf
LKIM. (2013). Lembaga Kemajuan Ikan Malaysia. http://lkim.gov.my/web/guest;jsessionid=2D5D2CEAA23A988EBAA7E2C3CB8C7E3F
Lyndon, N., Moorthy, R., Er, A. C., & Selvadurai, S. (2011). Native understanding of participation and empowerment in community development. Journal of Social Sciences, 7(4), 643-648.
McAreavey, R. (2009). Rural development theory and practice. Routledge.
Mohamed Shaffril, H. A., Abu Samah, B., D'Silva, J. L., & Md. Yassin, S. (2013). The process of social adaptation towards climate change among Malaysian fishermen. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 5(1), 38-55.
Muijs, D. (2004). Doing quantitative research in education. SAGE Publications Ltd.
Mulyila, E. J., Matsuoka, T., & Anraku, K. (2012). Sustainability of fishers’ communities in tropical island fisheries from the perspectives of resource use and management: A comparative study of Pohnpei (Micronesia), Mafia (Tanzania), and Guimaras
(Philippines). Fisheries Science, 78(4), 947-964.
Nadzri, S., Roslu, N. A., Bakar, N. S., & Baharudin, N. A. (2015). Faktor keluarga, ganjaran, dan kesukaran memperolehi pekerjaan mempengaruhi kerjaya yang diceburi alumni KUIS. In Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference on
Management and Muamalah 2015, 16th – 17th November (pp. 321-333). Kolej Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Selangor.
Nasibhul Janah, I. I., & Subroto, W. T. (2019). Comparison of cooperative learning models with inquiry on student learning outcomes. International Journal of Educational Research Review 4(2), 178-182.
Paim, L. (2014). Konsep rentan kepada kemiskinan. Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Pelit, E., Ozturk, Y., & Arslanturk, Y. (2011). The effect of employee empowerment on employee job satisfaction: A study on hotels in Turkey. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 23(6), 784-802.
Petersen, C. (2007). Educating and training out of poverty? Adult provision and the informal sector in fishing communities, South Africa. International Journal of Educational Development, 27(1), 446-457.
Pyles, L. (2009). Progressive community organizing. A critical approach for a globalizing world. Routledge.
Rad, S., Ates, H. Ç., Delioğlan, Ş., Polatöz, S., & Özçömlekç, G. (2012). Participation of rural women in sustainable development – Demographical and socio-economic determinants. Sustainable Development, 20(1), 71-84.
Ramli, M. W., Sheikh Dawood, S. R., & Mohd Som, S. H. (2019). Cabaran hidup miskin dalam kalangan komuniti nelayan di Tanjung Dawai, Kedah. GEOGRAFIA Online Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 1(1), 54-66.
Ramli, Z., & Mohd Rabani, N. (2017). Kepuasan terhadap subsidi dan kesejahteraan hidup komuniti nelayan. Geografi, 5(3), 41-45.
Sa’at, N. H. (2011). Mobiliti sosial dalam kalangan komuniti pesisir pantai: Kajian kes di Kuala Terengganu. Kajian Malaysia, 29(1), 95-123.
Sa’at, N. H., & Ismail, R. (2014). Wacana pembangunan komuniti nelayan pesisir pantai di pantai timur. Prosiding Pembangunan Komuniti Nelayan dan Sumber Perikanan (pp. 55-64). Universiti Malaysia Terengganu.
Saat, S. (2015). Faktor-faktor determinan dalam pendidikan. Jurnal Al-Ta’dib, 2(1), 1-17.
Sahu, P. K. (2013). Research methodology: A guide for researchers in Agricultural Sciences, Social Sciences and other related fields. Springer.
Sabitha, M. (2009). Penyelidikan Sains Sosial: Pendekatan pragmatik. Edusystem Sdn Bhd.
Sedgwick, P. (2015). Multistage sampling: The BMJ. Publishing Group Ltd.
Simmons, A., Reynolds, R. C., & Swinburn, B. (2011). Defining community capacity building: Is it possible? Preventive Medicine, 52(1), 193-199.
Stanford, R. J., Wiryawan, B., Bengen, D. G., & Febriamansyah, R. (2014). Improving livelihoods in fishing communities of West Sumatra: More than just boats and machines. Marine Policy, 45(1), 16-25.
Sudarmono, A. S. (2009). Sapi potong. Penebar Swadaya.
Suharto, E. (2009). Membangun masyarakat memberdayakan rakyat. Pt Refika Aditama.
Sulehan, J., Liu, O. P., Ibrahim, Y., Abu Bakar, N., Awang, A. H., & Abdullah, M. Y. (2008). Penyertaan dan pemerkasaan komuniti desa dan pembangunan di Malaysia-Indonesia. Jurnal Kajian Politik, dan Masalah Pembangunan, 4(2), 289-311.
Thomas, M., & Pawar, M. S. (2010). Self-reliant development. In M. S. Pawar & D. R. Cox (Eds.), Social development: Critical themes and perspectives (pp. 76-98). Routledge.
Tremblay, C., & Gutberlet, J. (2010). Empowerment through participation: Assessing the voice of leaders from recycling cooperative in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Community Development Journal, 47(2), 282-302.
Terengganu Economic Planning Unit (UPEN). (2019). Unit Perancangan Ekonomi Negeri Terengganu. http://upen.terengganu.gov.my/index.php/2018
Wan Hashim, W. T. (1980). Komuniti nelayan di Pulau Pangkor: Beberapa aspek ekonomi dan sosial. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Wan Mohd Zaifurin, W. N., Mamat, I., & Abdul Majid, M. I. (2009). Faktor peramal minat belia untuk menjadi nelayan: Satu kajian di mukim Kuala Besut, Terengganu. Jurnal Teknologi, 50(E), 29-52.
West, J. J., & Hovelsrud, G. K. (2010). Cross-scale adaptation challenges in the coastal fisheries: Findings from Lebesby, Northern Norway. Arctic, 63(1), 338-354.
Wilson, N., Minkler, M., Dasho, S., Wallerstein, N., & Martin, C. A. (2008). Getting to social action: The Youth Empowerment Strategies (YES) project. Health Promotion Practice, 9(4), 395-403.
Zamzani, L. (2016). Dinamika pranata sosial terhadap kearifan lokal masyarakat nelayan dalam Melestarikan Wisata Bahari. Jurnal Antropologi: Isu-Isu Sosial Budaya, 18(1), 57-67.
Published
2022-01-13
How to Cite
Tuan Sembok, T. M. Z., & Wan Ismail, W. A. A. Z. (2022). FORMAL EDUCATION, WORK EXPERIENCE AND EMPOWERMENT OF THE FISHING COMMUNITY IN TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA. Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS), 7(1), 366-389. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp366-389
Section
Articles
