Social capital among Kelantan Peranakan Chinese Muslims in Malaysia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol8iss1pp357-383Abstract
Background and Purpose: Typically, Chinese Muslims have relationship conflicts with their non-Muslim family (bonding social capital) and Malay community (bridging social capital) after converting to Islam. The conflict will affect their social capital. The main aim of this study was to identify the bonding and bridging social capitals among the Kelantan Peranakan Chinese Muslim community in Kelantan, Malaysia, in the aspects of trust, reciprocity, and cohesion.
Methodology: This descriptive study was conducted utilising the sequential explanatory mixed method approaches involving Chinese Muslims in the Kelantan state. Seventy-five respondents participated in the quantitative study, and five were involved in the qualitative study. The methods used for sampling were purposive sampling and snowball sampling. The quantitative data were collected through a survey questionnaire, while the qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews.
Findings: The findings revealed that the reciprocal and cohesive elements mostly occurred when bridging social capital only. As for the trust aspect, the respondents indicated that they only believe in bonding and bridging social capital occasionally. It was also found that relationship conflict existed among Chinese Muslims after conversion with their family members who are not converted to Islam and also with the Malay community.
Contributions: This study contributes significantly to the body of knowledge due to the lack of recent publications that explain the relationship in the social capital aspect, which is an essential aspect of changing the community to achieve community development.
Keywords: Social capital, bonding social capital, bridging social capital, religious conversion, Chinese Muslim.
References
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Amir Zal, W. A. (2016). Barah sosial dalam komuniti. Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Terengganu.
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Amran, K. (1985). Saudara baru Cina di Wilayah Persekutuan dan Selangor. Penerbit UKM.
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kaunseling di Malaysia (pp. 118-129). Penerbit UKM.
Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Razavieh, A., & Sorensen, C. K. (2010). Introduction to research in education (8th Ed.). Cengage Learning.
Asrul, Z. (2002). The Malays ideals. Golden Books Centre Sdn. Bhd.
Azarudin, A. (2015). Kajian pengalaman dialog kehidupan masyarakat Cina Muslim Terengganu sebelum dan selepas konversi. (Unpublished doctoral
thesis). Universiti Malaya.
Azarudin, A., & Khadijah, M. K. (2015). Bentuk-bentuk hubungan Muslim-non Muslim selepas pemelukan agama: Kajian kes dalam kalangan mualaf
Cina Terengganu. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 12(2), 1-17.
Boyd, C. P., Hayes, L., Wilson, R. L., & Bearsley-Smith, C. (2008). Harnesing the social capital of rural communities for youth mental health: An asset-
based community development framework. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 16(4), 189-193.
Brennan, M. A., & Barnett, R. V. (2009). Bridging community and youth development: Exploring theory, research and application. Community
Development, 40(4), 305-310.
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2006). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. SAGE Publications.
Cuthill, M., & Fien, J. (2005). Capacity building: Facilitating citizen participation in local governance. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 64(4),
63-80.
Dale, A., & Sparkes, J. (2008). Protecting ecosystem: Network structure and social capital mobilization. Community Development Journal, 43(2), 143-
156.
Gittel, R., & Vidal, A. (1998). Community organizing: Building social capital as a development strategy. Sage Publications.
Grafton, R. Q., & Knowles, S. (2004). Social capital and national environmental performance: A cross-sectional analysis. The Journal of Environment
Development, 13(4), 336-370.
Hanapi, D. (1986). Asimilasi budaya: Kajian kes komuniti Cina di Kelantan. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Hanapi, D. (2007). Kampung Cina Bekelam. Dalam warisan Kelantan xxi. Monograf perbadanan muzium negeri Kelantan. United Press Sdn. Bhd.
Kay, A. (2006). Social capital, the social economy and community development. Community Development Journal, 41(2), 160-173.
Khoo, K. K. (2010). The Penang Baba/Peranakan Chinese community. In Sohaimi Abdul Aziz (Ed.), Penang Peranakan Chinese and Chinese Muslims: An
historical and cultural journey. Persatuan Karyawan Pulau Pinang.
King, B., Fielke, S., Bayne, K., Klerkx, L., & Nettle, R. (2019). Navigating shades of social capital and trust to leverage opportunities for rural innovation.
Journal of Rural Studies, 68(1), 123-134.
Lim, P. G. (2003). Towards national integration of the constitution, governance and ethnicity. INSAF: The Journal of Malaysian Bar, XXXII(1), 1-24.
Lyndon, N., Wei, L. J., & Mohd Helmi, A. R. (2014). Jenis jaringan sosial komuniti Cina dalam pemasaran hasil pertanian. e-BANGI: Jurnal Sains Sosial
dan Kemanusiaan, 9(1), 144-157.
Mahayuddin, Y. (2001). Islam di alam Melayu. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Marlon, P. G., Razaleigh, M., & Abu Dardaa, M. (2014). Penyesuaian diri mualaf terhadap masyarakat dalam kalangan pelajar institut dakwah Islamiah
PERKIM (IDIP). Jurnal Al-Hikmah, 6(1), 73-88.
McMillan, J. H. (2012). Educational research: Fundamentals for the consumer (6th ed.). Pearson.
Michelini, J. J. (2013). Small farmers and social capital in development projects: Lessons from failure in Argentina’s rural periphery. Journal of Rural
Studies, 30(1), 99-109.
Middelton, A., Murie, A., & Groves, R. (2005). Social capital and neighborhoods that work. Urban Studies, 42(10), 1711-1738.
Mohd Azhar, A. H., Rosman, M. Y., Muhammed Fauzi, O., & Mohd Koharuddin, B. (2013). Perspektif orang Cina terhadap agama Islam di Malaysia: Satu
tinjauan awal. Jurnal Teknologi (Social Sciences), 60(1), 11–19.
Mohd Azmi, M. S., & Maimunah, I. (2003). Status program pembelajaran di kalangan saudara baru: Satu kajian kes di negeri Melaka. PERTANIKA
Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 11(1), 81-85.
Mohd Shahrul Imran Lim, A. (2014). Jati diri kaum dan perpaduan: Kajian kes Cina Peranakan Kelantan di Malaysia. Kajian Malaysia, 32(1), 119–148.
Mohd Roslan, M. N., & Haryati, H. (2011). Kebolehan bahasa masyarakat Cina Peranakan Kelantan. Jurnal Usuluddin, 31(1), 115-133.
Mohd Syukri Yeoh, A., & Osman. A. (2004). The problems of Mu’allaf in Malaysia. Jurnal Islamiyyat, 24(1), 65–84.
Nagata, J. A. (1978). The Chinese Muslims of Malaysia: New Malays or new associates? A problem of religion and ethnicity. In G. P. Means (Ed.), The
past in Southeast Asian's present (pp. 102-114). Canadian Society for Asian Studies.
Muijs, D. (2004). Doing quantitative research in education with SPSS. SAGE Publications Ltd.
Noraini, M. N. (2009). The future of Malay–Chinese relations in Malaysia. In M. N. Noraini & C. J. Montiel (Eds.), Peace psychology in Asia (pp. 161-172).
Springer.
Nur ‘Athiroh Masyaa’il Tan, A., & Fariza, M. S. (2009). Keperluan memahami psikologi saudara Muslim. Jurnal Hadhari, 2(1), 83-97.
Nuraisyah Chua, A. (2005). Kisah saya saudara baru. PTS Publications & Distributor Sdn Bhd.
Osman, A. (Chuah Hock Leng). (2001). Chinese Muslims in Malaysia. IIUM.
Osman, A. (Chuah Hock Leng). (2005). Preaching to the non-Muslim Chinese in Malaysia. Research Centre IIUM.
Osman, A., & Mohd Syukri Yeoh, A. (2008). Muslim converts in Malaysia: The problem of cultural adjustment. University of Malaysia.
Oppenheim, A. (1998). Questionnaire design, interviewing and attitude measurement. Heinemann.
Payne, P. R. (2006). Youth violence prevention through asset-based community development. LFB Scholarly Publising LLC.
Pei-Chien, W. (2015). Looking beyond ethnicity: The negotiation of Chinese Muslim identity in Penang, Malaysia. Asian Ethnicity, 16(1), 78-91.
Phillips, R., & Pittman, R. H. (2009). An introduction to community development. Routledge.
Pue, G. H., & Charanjit, K. (2014). Identiti etnik minoriti di Malaysia: Antara realiti sosial tafsiran autoriti dan tafsiran harian. Akademika, 84(1&2), 57-
70.
Putnam, R. D. (1993). The prosperous community: Social capital and public life. The American Prospect, 13(1), 35-42.
Putnam, R. D. (1995). Turning in, turning Out: The strange disappearance of social capital in America. Political Studies, 28(4), 664-683.
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon & Schuster.
Qingwen, X., Perkins, D. D., & Chun, J. C. C. (2010). Sense of community neigbouring, and social capital as predictors of local political participation in
China. American Journal of Community Psycohology, 45(3-4), 259-271.
Razaleigh, M., Abdul Ghafar, D., Salasiah, H. H., Fariza, M. S., Badlihisham, M. N., Muhammad Faisal, A., … Mohd Zulkipli, A. G. (2012). Assimilation level
of Chinese Muallaf in Kuala Lumpur. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 6(4), 524-533.
Robbins, D. (2008). Questionaire construction. In Miller, G. J. & Yang, K. (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in public administration (pp. 255-268).
Taylor & Francis Group.
Sabitha, M. (2006). Penyelidikan Sains Sosial pendekatan pragmatik. Edusystem Sdn. Bhd.
Schmid, A. A. (2000). Affinity as social capital. Journal of Socio-Economics, 29(2), 159-171.
Seng, A. W. (2009). Murtad: Jangan pandang sebelah mata. MustRead.
Shamsul Amri, B. (2011). Kesepaduan dalam kepelbagaian: Perpaduan di Malaysia sebagai work-in-progress. UKM Press.
Suraya, S., Khadijah, M. K., Azizan, B., Nurhanisah, S., Suhaida, S., Wan Ariffin, W. Y., … Mohd Roslan, M. N. (2013). The dialogue of ḥikma: Generating
harmony in Muslim–non-Muslim relations. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 24(2), 213-224.
Szreter, S., & Woolcock, M. (2004). Health by association? Social capital, social theory, and the political economy of public health. International Journal
of Epidemiology, 33(4), 650-667.
Taufik, A. (2009). Di sekitar masalah agama dan kohesi sosial: Pengalaman dan tantangan. Jurnal Masyarakat & Budaya, 11(1), 1-23.
Teo, K. S. (2005). Persepsi masyarakat Melayu Kelantan dalam bahasa dan budaya Cina Peranakan Kelantan. Kertas Kerja Seminar Zaa’ba Mengenai
Alam Melayu 2 di Hotel Prince & Residence, Kuala Lumpur, 22-24 Februari 2005. Digital Kelantan Collection.
Teo, K. S. (2008). Chinese-Malay-Thai interactions and the making of Kelantan Peranakan Chinese ethnicity. In M. J. Montesano & P. Jory (Eds.), Thai
south and Malay north: Ethnic interactions on a plural Peninsula (pp. 214‒230). National University of Singapore.
Tiawa, D., Hafidz, A., & Sumarni, R. (2005). Aplikasi perisian NVIVO dalam analisis data kualitatif. Qualitative Conference, 21-23 August 2005, Sofitel
Resort, Senai.
Tuominen, M., & Haanpää, L. (2021). Young people’s well‑being and the association with social capital, i.e., social networks, trust and reciprocity.
Social Indicators Research, 159(1), 617–645.
Vyncke, V., Peersman, W., Maeseneer, J. D., & Willems, S. (2012). Measuring the immeasurable? Operationilising social capital in health research.
Health, 4(9), 555-556.
Williams, D. (2006). On and off the net: Scales for social capital in an online era. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(2), 593–628.
Wojciechowska, M. (2020). Social capital, trust and social activity among librarians: Results of research conducted in 20 countries across the world.
Library & Information Science Research, 42(4), 1-9.
Woolcock, M. (2001). The place of social capital in social capital thematic group. Understanding social and economic outcomes. Canadian Journal of
Policy Research, 2(1), 11-17.
Woolcock, M. (2002). Social capital in theory and practice: Where do we stand? Edward Elgar Publisihing Limited.
Woolcock, M., & Narayan, D. (2000). Social capital: Implications for development theory, research, and policy. World Bank Research Observer, 15(2),
225-249.
Yan, C. P. (2011). Kaedah penyelidikan (Edisi 2). McGrawHill Sdn. Bhd.
Yu Joy, L. Y. (2004). Religious conversion and reconstruction of identities: The case of Chinese Muslim converts in Malaysia. (Unpublished master
thesis). National University of Singapore.
Zainab, I., & Wan Ibrahim, W. A. (2009). Malaysian Chinese population: Diversity of religion and acceptance to Chinese Muslim. The Journal of Al-
Hikmah, 1(1), 125–142.
Zinitulniza, A. K. (2016). Kelantan Peranakan Chinese: Synthesis of the Mainland and Malay Malayan. Institute of Translation & Book Malaysia Berhad.
Zihnioğlu, Ö., & Dalkıran, M. (2022). From social capital to social cohesion: Syrian refugees in Turkey and the role of NGOs as intermediaries. Journal of
Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48(11), 2455-2472.
Aeby, G., Widmerb, G. E. D, & Carlob, I. D. (2014). Bonding and bridging social capital in step- and first-time families and the issue of family boundaries. Interpersona, 8(1), 51–69.
Amir Zal, W. A. (2016). Barah sosial dalam komuniti. Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Terengganu.
Amir Zal, W. A. (2014). Pembangunan kapasiti nelayan Kuala Terengganu Utara berasaskan modal sosial dan ekonomi. Universiti Malaysia
Terengganu.
Amran, K. (1985). Saudara baru Cina di Wilayah Persekutuan dan Selangor. Penerbit UKM.
Anuar, P. (2006). Khidmat nasihat dalam menangani masalah saudara baru. Dalam Fariza, M. S., Siti Rugayah, T., & Othman, T. (Eds.), Dakwah dan
kaunseling di Malaysia (pp. 118-129). Penerbit UKM.
Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Razavieh, A., & Sorensen, C. K. (2010). Introduction to research in education (8th Ed.). Cengage Learning.
Asrul, Z. (2002). The Malays ideals. Golden Books Centre Sdn. Bhd.
Azarudin, A. (2015). Kajian pengalaman dialog kehidupan masyarakat Cina Muslim Terengganu sebelum dan selepas konversi. (Unpublished doctoral
thesis). Universiti Malaya.
Azarudin, A., & Khadijah, M. K. (2015). Bentuk-bentuk hubungan Muslim-non Muslim selepas pemelukan agama: Kajian kes dalam kalangan mualaf
Cina Terengganu. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 12(2), 1-17.
Boyd, C. P., Hayes, L., Wilson, R. L., & Bearsley-Smith, C. (2008). Harnesing the social capital of rural communities for youth mental health: An asset-
based community development framework. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 16(4), 189-193.
Brennan, M. A., & Barnett, R. V. (2009). Bridging community and youth development: Exploring theory, research and application. Community
Development, 40(4), 305-310.
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2006). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. SAGE Publications.
Cuthill, M., & Fien, J. (2005). Capacity building: Facilitating citizen participation in local governance. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 64(4),
63-80.
Dale, A., & Sparkes, J. (2008). Protecting ecosystem: Network structure and social capital mobilization. Community Development Journal, 43(2), 143-
156.
Gittel, R., & Vidal, A. (1998). Community organizing: Building social capital as a development strategy. Sage Publications.
Grafton, R. Q., & Knowles, S. (2004). Social capital and national environmental performance: A cross-sectional analysis. The Journal of Environment
Development, 13(4), 336-370.
Hanapi, D. (1986). Asimilasi budaya: Kajian kes komuniti Cina di Kelantan. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Hanapi, D. (2007). Kampung Cina Bekelam. Dalam warisan Kelantan xxi. Monograf perbadanan muzium negeri Kelantan. United Press Sdn. Bhd.
Kay, A. (2006). Social capital, the social economy and community development. Community Development Journal, 41(2), 160-173.
Khoo, K. K. (2010). The Penang Baba/Peranakan Chinese community. In Sohaimi Abdul Aziz (Ed.), Penang Peranakan Chinese and Chinese Muslims: An
historical and cultural journey. Persatuan Karyawan Pulau Pinang.
King, B., Fielke, S., Bayne, K., Klerkx, L., & Nettle, R. (2019). Navigating shades of social capital and trust to leverage opportunities for rural innovation.
Journal of Rural Studies, 68(1), 123-134.
Lim, P. G. (2003). Towards national integration of the constitution, governance and ethnicity. INSAF: The Journal of Malaysian Bar, XXXII(1), 1-24.
Lyndon, N., Wei, L. J., & Mohd Helmi, A. R. (2014). Jenis jaringan sosial komuniti Cina dalam pemasaran hasil pertanian. e-BANGI: Jurnal Sains Sosial
dan Kemanusiaan, 9(1), 144-157.
Mahayuddin, Y. (2001). Islam di alam Melayu. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Marlon, P. G., Razaleigh, M., & Abu Dardaa, M. (2014). Penyesuaian diri mualaf terhadap masyarakat dalam kalangan pelajar institut dakwah Islamiah
PERKIM (IDIP). Jurnal Al-Hikmah, 6(1), 73-88.
McMillan, J. H. (2012). Educational research: Fundamentals for the consumer (6th ed.). Pearson.
Michelini, J. J. (2013). Small farmers and social capital in development projects: Lessons from failure in Argentina’s rural periphery. Journal of Rural
Studies, 30(1), 99-109.
Middelton, A., Murie, A., & Groves, R. (2005). Social capital and neighborhoods that work. Urban Studies, 42(10), 1711-1738.
Mohd Azhar, A. H., Rosman, M. Y., Muhammed Fauzi, O., & Mohd Koharuddin, B. (2013). Perspektif orang Cina terhadap agama Islam di Malaysia: Satu
tinjauan awal. Jurnal Teknologi (Social Sciences), 60(1), 11–19.
Mohd Azmi, M. S., & Maimunah, I. (2003). Status program pembelajaran di kalangan saudara baru: Satu kajian kes di negeri Melaka. PERTANIKA
Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 11(1), 81-85.
Mohd Shahrul Imran Lim, A. (2014). Jati diri kaum dan perpaduan: Kajian kes Cina Peranakan Kelantan di Malaysia. Kajian Malaysia, 32(1), 119–148.
Mohd Roslan, M. N., & Haryati, H. (2011). Kebolehan bahasa masyarakat Cina Peranakan Kelantan. Jurnal Usuluddin, 31(1), 115-133.
Mohd Syukri Yeoh, A., & Osman. A. (2004). The problems of Mu’allaf in Malaysia. Jurnal Islamiyyat, 24(1), 65–84.
Nagata, J. A. (1978). The Chinese Muslims of Malaysia: New Malays or new associates? A problem of religion and ethnicity. In G. P. Means (Ed.), The
past in Southeast Asian's present (pp. 102-114). Canadian Society for Asian Studies.
Muijs, D. (2004). Doing quantitative research in education with SPSS. SAGE Publications Ltd.
Noraini, M. N. (2009). The future of Malay–Chinese relations in Malaysia. In M. N. Noraini & C. J. Montiel (Eds.), Peace psychology in Asia (pp. 161-172).
Springer.
Nur ‘Athiroh Masyaa’il Tan, A., & Fariza, M. S. (2009). Keperluan memahami psikologi saudara Muslim. Jurnal Hadhari, 2(1), 83-97.
Nuraisyah Chua, A. (2005). Kisah saya saudara baru. PTS Publications & Distributor Sdn Bhd.
Osman, A. (Chuah Hock Leng). (2001). Chinese Muslims in Malaysia. IIUM.
Osman, A. (Chuah Hock Leng). (2005). Preaching to the non-Muslim Chinese in Malaysia. Research Centre IIUM.
Osman, A., & Mohd Syukri Yeoh, A. (2008). Muslim converts in Malaysia: The problem of cultural adjustment. University of Malaysia.
Oppenheim, A. (1998). Questionnaire design, interviewing and attitude measurement. Heinemann.
Payne, P. R. (2006). Youth violence prevention through asset-based community development. LFB Scholarly Publising LLC.
Pei-Chien, W. (2015). Looking beyond ethnicity: The negotiation of Chinese Muslim identity in Penang, Malaysia. Asian Ethnicity, 16(1), 78-91.
Phillips, R., & Pittman, R. H. (2009). An introduction to community development. Routledge.
Pue, G. H., & Charanjit, K. (2014). Identiti etnik minoriti di Malaysia: Antara realiti sosial tafsiran autoriti dan tafsiran harian. Akademika, 84(1&2), 57-
70.
Putnam, R. D. (1993). The prosperous community: Social capital and public life. The American Prospect, 13(1), 35-42.
Putnam, R. D. (1995). Turning in, turning Out: The strange disappearance of social capital in America. Political Studies, 28(4), 664-683.
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon & Schuster.
Qingwen, X., Perkins, D. D., & Chun, J. C. C. (2010). Sense of community neigbouring, and social capital as predictors of local political participation in
China. American Journal of Community Psycohology, 45(3-4), 259-271.
Razaleigh, M., Abdul Ghafar, D., Salasiah, H. H., Fariza, M. S., Badlihisham, M. N., Muhammad Faisal, A., … Mohd Zulkipli, A. G. (2012). Assimilation level
of Chinese Muallaf in Kuala Lumpur. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 6(4), 524-533.
Robbins, D. (2008). Questionaire construction. In Miller, G. J. & Yang, K. (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in public administration (pp. 255-268).
Taylor & Francis Group.
Sabitha, M. (2006). Penyelidikan Sains Sosial pendekatan pragmatik. Edusystem Sdn. Bhd.
Schmid, A. A. (2000). Affinity as social capital. Journal of Socio-Economics, 29(2), 159-171.
Seng, A. W. (2009). Murtad: Jangan pandang sebelah mata. MustRead.
Shamsul Amri, B. (2011). Kesepaduan dalam kepelbagaian: Perpaduan di Malaysia sebagai work-in-progress. UKM Press.
Suraya, S., Khadijah, M. K., Azizan, B., Nurhanisah, S., Suhaida, S., Wan Ariffin, W. Y., … Mohd Roslan, M. N. (2013). The dialogue of ḥikma: Generating
harmony in Muslim–non-Muslim relations. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 24(2), 213-224.
Szreter, S., & Woolcock, M. (2004). Health by association? Social capital, social theory, and the political economy of public health. International Journal
of Epidemiology, 33(4), 650-667.
Taufik, A. (2009). Di sekitar masalah agama dan kohesi sosial: Pengalaman dan tantangan. Jurnal Masyarakat & Budaya, 11(1), 1-23.
Teo, K. S. (2005). Persepsi masyarakat Melayu Kelantan dalam bahasa dan budaya Cina Peranakan Kelantan. Kertas Kerja Seminar Zaa’ba Mengenai
Alam Melayu 2 di Hotel Prince & Residence, Kuala Lumpur, 22-24 Februari 2005. Digital Kelantan Collection.
Teo, K. S. (2008). Chinese-Malay-Thai interactions and the making of Kelantan Peranakan Chinese ethnicity. In M. J. Montesano & P. Jory (Eds.), Thai
south and Malay north: Ethnic interactions on a plural Peninsula (pp. 214‒230). National University of Singapore.
Tiawa, D., Hafidz, A., & Sumarni, R. (2005). Aplikasi perisian NVIVO dalam analisis data kualitatif. Qualitative Conference, 21-23 August 2005, Sofitel
Resort, Senai.
Tuominen, M., & Haanpää, L. (2021). Young people’s well‑being and the association with social capital, i.e., social networks, trust and reciprocity.
Social Indicators Research, 159(1), 617–645.
Vyncke, V., Peersman, W., Maeseneer, J. D., & Willems, S. (2012). Measuring the immeasurable? Operationilising social capital in health research.
Health, 4(9), 555-556.
Williams, D. (2006). On and off the net: Scales for social capital in an online era. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(2), 593–628.
Wojciechowska, M. (2020). Social capital, trust and social activity among librarians: Results of research conducted in 20 countries across the world.
Library & Information Science Research, 42(4), 1-9.
Woolcock, M. (2001). The place of social capital in social capital thematic group. Understanding social and economic outcomes. Canadian Journal of
Policy Research, 2(1), 11-17.
Woolcock, M. (2002). Social capital in theory and practice: Where do we stand? Edward Elgar Publisihing Limited.
Woolcock, M., & Narayan, D. (2000). Social capital: Implications for development theory, research, and policy. World Bank Research Observer, 15(2),
225-249.
Yan, C. P. (2011). Kaedah penyelidikan (Edisi 2). McGrawHill Sdn. Bhd.
Yu Joy, L. Y. (2004). Religious conversion and reconstruction of identities: The case of Chinese Muslim converts in Malaysia. (Unpublished master
thesis). National University of Singapore.
Zainab, I., & Wan Ibrahim, W. A. (2009). Malaysian Chinese population: Diversity of religion and acceptance to Chinese Muslim. The Journal of Al-
Hikmah, 1(1), 125–142.
Zinitulniza, A. K. (2016). Kelantan Peranakan Chinese: Synthesis of the Mainland and Malay Malayan. Institute of Translation & Book Malaysia Berhad.
Zihnioğlu, Ö., & Dalkıran, M. (2022). From social capital to social cohesion: Syrian refugees in Turkey and the role of NGOs as intermediaries. Journal of
Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48(11), 2455-2472.
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2023-01-31
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Social capital among Kelantan Peranakan Chinese Muslims in Malaysia. (2023). Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS), 8(1), 357-383. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol8iss1pp357-383
