The effect of spiritual leadership on primary and secondary school teachers’ professional well-being: The mediating role of career calling
Abstract
Background and Purpose: The teaching profession is recognized as a high-intensity and high-stress occupation, and teachers’ professional well-being is being greatly challenged. To enhance teachers' professional well-being, researchers have begun to explore influence mechanisms from the perspective of leadership style. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effect of principals' spiritual leadership on primary and secondary school teachers' professional well-being in the Chinese context.
Methodology: The data in this study was analysed using a cross-sectional survey approach. Questionnaires were distributed to school teachers in Heze City, Shandong Province. Eventually, 380 participants were identified to be suitable for the study. The data were analysed using IBM SPSS and SmartPLS 4.0.9.5 software, specifically adopting the partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach.
Findings: The results indicated a significant positive relationship between spiritual leadership, career calling, and teachers' professional well-being, and that career calling mediated the relationship between spiritual leadership and teachers' professional well-being.
Contributions: This study highlights how spiritual leadership enhances teachers' sense of calling, ultimately contributing to their professional well-being. The study advances the body of knowledge by identifying the causal relationships between spiritual leadership, career calling, and teachers' professional well-being.
Keywords: Spiritual leadership, professional well-being, career calling, primary and secondary school teachers, mediating effect.
References
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Charalampous, M., Grant, C. A., Tramontano, C., & Michailidis, E. (2019). Systematically reviewing remote e-workers’ well-being at work: A multidimensional approach. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(1),
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Review of Education, 67(1), 305-331.
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Deng, Z. H. (2016). The impact of spiritual leadership on employee’s job engagement. Economic Management, 38(4), 181-189.
Dik, B. J., & Duffy, R. D. (2009). Calling and vocation at work: Definitions and prospects for research and practice. The Counseling Psychologist, 37(3), 424-450.
Dik, B. J., Eldridge, B. M., Steger, M. F., & Duffy, R. D. (2012). Development and validation of the calling and vocation questionnaire (CVQ) and brief calling scale (BCS). Journal of Career Assessment, 20(3), 242-263.
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Emerson, C. (2017). Calling to nursing. Advances in Nursing Science, 40(4), 384-394.
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Forner, V. W., Jones, M., Berry, Y., & Eidenfalk, J. (2020). Motivating workers: How leaders apply self-determination theory in organizations. Organization Management Journal, 18(2), 76-94.
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Fry, L. W., Hannah, S. T., Noel, M., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2011). Retracted: Impact of spiritual leadership on unit performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(2), 259-270.
Fry, L. W., Vitucci, S., & Cedillo, M. (2005). Spiritual leadership and army transformation: Theory, measurement, and establishing a baseline. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 835-862.
Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(4), 331-362.
Guerci, M., Hauff, S., & Gilardi, S. (2022). High performance work practices and their associations with health, happiness and relational well-being: Are there any tradeoffs? The International Journal of Human Resource Management,
33(2), 329-359.
Hair, J. F., & Alamer, A. (2022). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in second language and education research: Guidelines using an applied example. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 1(3), 100027.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24.
Haque, M. J., Nawaz, M. Z., Shaikh, H. A., & Tariq, M. Z. (2022). Spiritual leadership and unit productivity: Does psychological need mediate the relationship between spiritual leadership and unit productivity? Public Integrity, 24(7), 615-
628.
Hascher, T., & Waber, J. (2021). Teacher well-being: A systematic review of the research literature from the year 2000-2019. Educational Research Review, 34(1), 100411.
Henseler, J. (2017). Bridging design and behavioral research with variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of Advertising, 46(1), 178-192.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135.
Hirschi, A., & Herrmann, A. (2012). Vocational identity achievement as a mediator of presence of calling and life satisfaction. Journal of Career Assessment, 20(3), 309-321.
Hunsaker, W. D. (2019). Spiritual leadership and job burnout: Mediating effects of employee well-being and life satisfaction. Management Science Letters, 9(8), 1257-1268.
Jiang, R. P., He, Y. M., & Gan, C. H. (2021). Research on the impact of authentic leadership on employees' happiness: Based on the chained mediational role between self-efficacy and the authenticity of work and family. Journal of China
University of Labor Relations, 35(2), 75-86.
Kanat-Maymon, Y., Elimelech, M., & Roth, G. (2020). Work motivations as antecedents and outcomes of leadership: Integrating self-determination theory and the full range leadership theory. European Management Journal, 38(4),
555-564.
Karadag, E. (2009). Spiritual leadership and organizational culture: A study of structural equation modeling. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 9(3), 1391-1405.
Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 11(4), 1-10.
Lauwerier, T., & Akkari, A. (2015). Teachers and the quality of basic education in sub-Saharan Africa. Education Research and Foresight: Working Papers Series, 11(1), 1-11.
Lee, H. S., Lee, E. S., & Shin, Y. J. (2020). The role of calling in a social cognitive model of well-being. Journal of Career Assessment, 28(1), 59-75.
Li, J., & Ju, S. Y. (2023). The Correlation between spiritual leadership and the well-being of Chinese primary and secondary school teachers. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 12(2),
1667–1681.
Li, J., Ju, S. Y., Kong, L. K., & Jiang, N. (2023). A study on the mechanism of spiritual leadership on burnout of elementary and secondary school teachers: The mediating role of career calling and emotional intelligence. Sustainability,
15(12), 9343.
Liao, C. J., He, C. C., Du, Q. Z., & Cai, X. D. (2019). A comparative study of teachers’ sense of vocational duty and job burnout in elementary and secondary schools. Journal of Ningbo University (Educational Science Edition), 41(6), 115-
122.
Liu, P. Q., Cui, Z. K., Zhao, L., Liu, Y. Y., & Yang, Z. (2022). Influence mechanism of spiritual leadership on R&D personnel’s innovation behavior in China. Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology (Social Sciences Edition), 24(1), 65-76.
Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, P., Liu, D., & Liu, S. (2023). The spiritual force of safety: Effect of spiritual leadership on employees’ safety performance. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 29(2), 538-546.
Luo, X. J. (2019). Implications of classical leadership trait theory for modern primary and secondary school principals. Education Observation, 8(15), 34-47.
Ma, Y. (2021). Empirical analysis of the impact of spiritual leadership on employees’ career calling in public sector - perspective from the mediating role of job satisfaction. Journal of the Party School of Leshan Municipal Committee of
C. P. C, 23(04), 88-97.
MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2012). Common method bias in marketing: Causes, mechanisms, and procedural remedies. Journal of Retailing, 88(4), 542–555.
Mahmood, A. B., & Huma, A. (2012). Workplace spirituality: A spiritual audit of banking executives in Pakistan. African Journal of Business Management, 6(11), 3888-3897.
Malone, P., & Fry, L. W. (2003). Transforming schools through spiritual leadership: A field experiment. Academy of Management, Seattle, WA, 5(1), 1-40.
Manganelli, L., Thibault-Landry, A., Forest, J., & Carpentier, J. (2018). Self-determination theory can help you generate performance and well-being in the workplace: A review of the literature. Advances in Developing Human Resources,
20(2), 227-240.
Markow, F., & Klenke, K. (2005). The effects of personal meaning and calling on organizational commitment: An empirical investigation of spiritual leadership. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 13(1), 8-27.
Meng, W. J., & Guan, Q. (2013). Practical guide to well-being education: A must-read manual for all. Educational Science Publishing House.
Meng, Y. C., Yang, X. H., & Chou, Y. (2018). From "external constraints" to "intrinsic motivation": Research on mechanism of spiritual leadership influences employees' voice behaviors. Human Resources Development of China, 35(03),
6-17.
Ngah, A. H., Zainuddin, Y., & Thurasamy, R. (2015). Barriers and enablers in adopting of Halal warehousing. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 6(3), 354-376.
OECD. (2019). The future of education and skills: Education 2030, conceptual learning framework. https://www.oecd.org/education/2030-project/
OECD. (2020). Teachers' well-being: A framework for data collection and analysis. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/c36fc9d3-en.pdf?
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Published
2024-02-29
How to Cite
Li, J., Ju, S.-Y., & Kong, L.-K. (2024). The effect of spiritual leadership on primary and secondary school teachers’ professional well-being: The mediating role of career calling. Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS), 9(1), 294-319. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol9iss1pp294-319
Section
Articles
