Discursive construction of news reports on people with mental illness in Malaysian online newspapers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol9iss2pp371-401Abstract
Background and Purpose: As one of the most common trustworthy sources, online newspapers have been regarded as the primary source of knowledge among the public to obtain reliable and unbiased information. However, in the context of media coverage of people with mental illness, they are often portrayed negatively and regarded as unpredictable and dangerous, resulting in increased stigma and misunderstanding among the public at large. This study examines the discursive strategies used in Malaysian news articles in portraying mental illness and the linguistic devices used to successfully implement these strategies.
Methodology: This study investigated 43 news articles published in popular Malaysian online newspapers to examine how issues related to mental health-related illnesses are discursively constructed and the linguistic elements that were employed to represent the complexities of the cases from a discourse analysis perspective.
Findings: The results show that the local media use nomination, predication and argumentation strategies to legitimise people with mental illness. They are portrayed negatively and through various linguistic elements, primarily as perpetrators and offenders.
Contributions: The study provides media professionals with nuanced information on responsible reporting of mental health issues and uses the media as a platform to destigmatise mental illness among the general public.
Keywords: Discourse analysis, online newspapers, mental illness, media practice, stigma.
References
Ab Razak, A. (2017). Cultural construction of psychiatric illness in Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, 24(2), 1-5.
Aci, O. S., Ciydem, E., Bilgin, H., Ozaslan, Z., & Tek, S. (2020). Turkish newspaper articles mentioning people with mental illness: A retrospective study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(3), 215-224.
Angermeyer, M. C., & Dietrich, S. (2006). Public beliefs about and attitudes towards people with mental illness: A review of population studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113(3), 163-179.
Antebi, L., Carmichael, V., & Whitley, R. (2020). Assessing adherence to responsible reporting of suicide guidelines in the Canadian news media: A 1-year examination of day-to-day suicide coverage. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 65(9), 621-629.
Balfour, J. (2020). Representation of people with schizophrenia in the British press. In E. Friginal & J.A. Hardy (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of corpus approaches to discourse analysis (pp. 537-553). Routledge.
Beckstein, A., Rathakrishnan, B., Hutchings, P. B., & Mohamed, N. H. (2021). The Covid-19 pandemic and mental health in Malaysia: Current treatment and future recommendations. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 21(1), 260-267.
Bilić, B., & Georgaca, E. (2007). Representations of “mental illness” in Serbian newspapers: A critical discourse analysis. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 4(1-2), 167-186.
Boke, O., Aker, S., Alptekin Aker, A., Sarisoy, G., & Sahin, A. R. (2007). Schizophrenia in Turkish newspapers: Retrospective scanning study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42, 457-461.
Carmichael, V., Adamson, G., Sitter, K. C., & Whitley, R. (2019). Media coverage of mental illness: A comparison of citizen journalism vs. professional journalism portrayals. Journal of Mental Health, 28(5), 520-526.
Carvalho, A. (2005). Representing the politics of the greenhouse effect: Discursive strategies in the British media. Critical Discourse Studies, 2(1), 1-29.
Chen, M., & Lawrie, S. (2017). Newspaper depictions of mental and physical health. British Journal of Psychology Bulletin, 41(6), 308-313.
Convery, I., & Cox, D. (2012). A review of research ethics in internet-based research. Practitioner Research in Higher Education, 6(1), 50-57.
Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2002). Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World Psychiatry, 1(1), 16-20.
Drake, R. E., & Whitley, R. (2014). Recovery and severe mental illness: Description and analysis. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59(5), 236-242.
Elgesem, D. (2002). What is special about the ethical issues in online research? Ethics and Information Technology, 4(3), 195-203.
El-Sakran, T. M. (2023). Connotations of selected kinship terms in accident news of within family killing cases. The Moroccan Journal of Communication Studies, 3(6), 23-35.
Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis. Longman.
Fong, C. L., Ibrahim, N., Rahman, N. A. A., Bartlett, S., Ping, N. Y., & Nordin, A. S. A. (2018). Media reporting of suicide in the era of “Malaysia Baru”. Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 27(1), 67-73.
Fong, Y. L. (2021). Reporting on suicide in Malaysia: Problem characterization and solution advocacy by media. KOME: An International Journal of Pure Communication Inquiry, 9(2), 46-64.
Green, G., Hayes, C., Dickinson, D., Whittaker, A., & Gilheany, B. (2003). A mental health service users perspective to stigmatisation. Journal of Mental Health, 12(3), 223-234.
Hanafiah, A. N., & Van Bortel, T. (2015). A qualitative exploration of the perspectives of mental health professionals on stigma and discrimination of mental illness in Malaysia. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 9(1), 1-12.
Hannigan, B. (1999). Mental health care in the community: An analysis of contemporary public attitudes towards, and public representations of mental illness. Journal of Mental Health, 8(5), 431-440.
Hassandarvish, M. (2020, April 28). Malaysian expert: Silent mental illness ‘pandemic’ to arrive following COVID-19 economic fallout. Malay Mail. https://www.malaymail.com/news/life/2020/04/28/malaysian-expert-silent-mental-illness-pandemic-to-arrive-following-covid-1/1860920
Hawke, L. D., Parikh, S. V., & Michalak, E. E. (2013). Stigma and bipolar disorder: A review of the literature. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150(2), 181-191.
Hyler, S. E., Gabbard, G. O., & Schneider, I. (1991). Homicidal maniacs and narcissistic parasites: Stigmatization of mentally ill persons in the movies. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 42(10), 1044-1048.
Igwebuike, E. E. (2018). Discursive strategies and ideologies in selected newspaper reports on the Nigerian-Cameroonian Bakassi peninsula border conflict. Communication and the Public, 3(2), 151-168.
Johari, M. A., Shukri, M. Z. M., Abd, M. A. S., Karim, M. H. H. I., Khazali, A. K., Nasarudin, A. A., & Razali, S. (2017). Perception of media in reporting suicide cases in Malaysia. Journal of Advanced Research in Social and Behavioural Sciences, 7(1), 59-67.
Johnstone, M. J. (2001). Stigma, social justice and the rights of the mentally ill: Challenging the status quo. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 10(4), 200-209.
Krueger, V. (2016). How to power your writing with active and passive verbs. Poynter. https://www.poynter.org/educators-students/2016/how-to-power-your-writing-with-active-and-passive-verbs/
Küçükali, C. (2015). Discursive strategies and political hegemony: The Turkish case. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Kwauk, C. T. (2012). Obesity and the healthy living apparatus: Discursive strategies and the struggle for power. Critical Discourse Studies, 9(1), 39-57.
Link, B. G., Struening, E. L., Neese-Todd, S., Asmussen, S., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Stigma as a barrier to recovery: The consequences of stigma for the self-esteem of people with mental illnesses. Psychiatric Services, 52(12), 1621-1626.
Livingston, J. D. (2016). Contact between police and people with mental disorders: A review of rates. Psychiatric Services, 67(8), 850-857.
Lynch, R., Thuli, K., & Groombridge, L. (1994). Person first disability language: A pilot analysis of public perceptions. Journal of Rehabilitation, 60, 18-22.
Ma, Z. (2017). How the media cover mental illnesses: A review. Health Education, 117(1), 90-109.
Mannarini, S., & Rossi, A. (2019). Assessing mental illness stigma: A complex issue. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2722.
Mckeown, M., & Clancy, B. (1995). Media influence on societal perceptions of mental illness. Mental Health Nursing-London-Community Psychiatric Nurses Association, 15(2), 10-12.
McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail's mass communication theory. Sage Publications.
Ng, Y. P., Pheh, K. S., Panirselvam, R. R., Chan, W. L., Lim, J. B. Y., Lim, J. T. Y., Leong, K. K., Bartlett, S., Tay, K. W., & Chan, L. F. (2021). Malaysian stakeholder perspectives on suicide-related reporting: Findings from focus group discussions. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 673287.
Olstead, R. (2002). Contesting the text: Canadian media depictions of the conflation of mental illness and criminality. Sociology of Health & Illness, 24(5), 621-643.
Paradis-Gagné, E., Holmes, D., & Jacob, J. D. (2020). Caring for a violent relative with severe mental illness: A qualitative study. Journal of Research in Nursing, 25(8), 664-676.
Pendit, U. C., & Choo, K. A. (2020). Openness towards mental illness in Malaysia. e-BANGI: Jurnal Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, 17(3), 46-56.
Razali, Z. A., Sanip, S., & Saad, R. A. (2018). Mental illness portrayal in media: A content analysis of Malaysian newspapers. International Journal of Business and Society, 19(S2), 324-331.
Reavley, N. J., Cvetkovski, S., & Jorm, A. F. (2011). Sources of information about mental health and links to help-seeking: Findings from the 2007 Australian national survey of mental health and wellbeing. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46(12), 1267-1274.
Reisigl, M., & Wodak, R. (2009). The discourse -historical approach (DHA). In R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of critical discourse analysis (pp. 87-121). Sage.
Reisigl, M., & Wodak, R. (2001). Discourse and discrimination. Rhetorics of racism and anti-Semitism. Routledge.
Richardson, J. E. (2017). Analysing newspapers: An approach from critical discourse analysis. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Ross, A. M., Morgan, A. J., Jorm, A. F., & Reavley, N. J. (2019). A systematic review of the impact of media reports of severe mental illness on stigma and discrimination, and interventions that aim to mitigate any adverse impact. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 54, 11-31.
Ryan, C. S., Robinson, D. R., & Hausmann, L. R. (2001). Stereotyping among providers and consumers of public mental health services: The role of perceived group variability. Behavior Modification, 25(3), 406-442.
Sateesh Babu, R. (2011). Media and psychiatry. Andhra Pradesh Journal of Psychological Medicine, 12(2), 55-58.
Seale, C. (2003). Health and media: An overview. Sociology of Health & Illness, 25(6), 513-531.
Sharf, B. F. (1999). Beyond netiquette: The ethics of doing naturalistic discourse research on the Internet. In S. Jones (Ed.), Doing internet research: Critical issues and methods for examining the net (pp. 243–256). Sage Publications.
Sieff, E. (2003). Media frames of mental illnesses: The potential impact of negative frames. Journal of Mental Health, 12(3), 259-269.
Smith, B. (2015). Mental illness stigma in the media. The Review: A Journal of Undergraduate Student Research, 16(1), 50-63.
Snow, K. (2007). People first language. Disability is Natural. http://www.disabilityisnatural.com/images/PDF/pfl09.pdf
Srivastava, M., Jain, S., & Patel, A. (2018). Substance use among outdoor treatment-seeking patients with mental illness: A case–control study from a tertiary care hospital of northern India. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 7(1), 1-6.
Staniland, L., Hasking, P., Lewis, S. P., & Boyes, M. (2022). News media framing of self-harm in Australia. Stigma and Health, 7(1), 35-44.
Stout, P. A., Villegas, J., & Jennings, N. A. (2004). Images of mental illness in the media: Identifying gaps in the research. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(3), 543-561.
Stuart, H. (2006). Mental illness and employment discrimination. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 19(5), 522-526.
Sudweeks, F., & Rafaeli, S. (1995). How do you get a hundred strangers to agree? Computer-mediated communication and collaboration. In T.M. Harrison & T.D. Stephen (Eds.), Computer networking and scholarship in the 21st century university (pp. 115–136). SUNY Press.
Tabbert, U. (2013). Crime through a corpus: The linguistic construction of offenders, victims and crimes in the German and UK press [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Huddersfield.
United Spinal Association. (2011). Disability etiquette: Tips on interacting with people with disabilities. United Spinal Association. https://unitedspinal.org/top-10-disability-etiquette/
Unubi, A. S. (2016). Conjunctions in English: Meaning, types and uses. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 4(3), 202-213.
Van Dijk, T. A. (1993). Elite discourse and racism. Sage.
Wahl O. F. (1992). Mass media images of mental illness: A review of the literature. Journal of Community Psychology, 20, 343–352.
Wahl, O. F. (1995). Media madness: Public images of mental illness. Rutgers University Press.
Wahl, O. F. (1999). Telling is risky business: Mental health consumers confront stigma. Rutgers University Press.
Wahl, O. F. (2004). Stop the presses. Journalistic treatment of mental illness. In L.D. Friedman (Ed.), Cultural sutures: Medicine and media (pp. 55–69). Duke University Press.
Walther, J. B. (2002). Research ethics in Internet-enabled research: Human subjects issues and methodological myopia. Ethics and Information Technology, 4(3), 205-216.
Wang, X. (2012). Media guidelines for the responsible reporting of suicide: A review of effectiveness. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 33(4), 190-198.
Watson, M., Jones, D., & Burns, L. (2007). Internet research and informed consent: An ethical model using archived emails. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 14, 396–403.
Whitley, R., & Berry, S. (2013). Analyzing media representations of mental illness: Lessons learnt from a national project. Journal of Mental Health, 22(3), 246-253.
Whitley, R., & Wang, J. (2017). Good news? A longitudinal analysis of newspaper portrayals of mental illness in Canada 2005 to 2015. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(4), 278-285.
Wodak, R. (2004). Discourses of silence. In L. Thiesmeyer (Ed.), Discourse and silencing (pp. 179-209). Benjamins.
Wood, J. D., Watson, A. C., & Fulambarker, A. J. (2017). The “gray zone” of police work during mental health encounters: Findings from an observational study in Chicago. Police Quarterly, 20(1), 81-105.
Yang, L. F., & Victor, J. (2021). Assessing adherence to guidelines of media reporting on suicide based on the Precaution Adoption Process Model and Agenda-Setting Theory. Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies, 3, 395-417.
Aci, O. S., Ciydem, E., Bilgin, H., Ozaslan, Z., & Tek, S. (2020). Turkish newspaper articles mentioning people with mental illness: A retrospective study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(3), 215-224.
Angermeyer, M. C., & Dietrich, S. (2006). Public beliefs about and attitudes towards people with mental illness: A review of population studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113(3), 163-179.
Antebi, L., Carmichael, V., & Whitley, R. (2020). Assessing adherence to responsible reporting of suicide guidelines in the Canadian news media: A 1-year examination of day-to-day suicide coverage. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 65(9), 621-629.
Balfour, J. (2020). Representation of people with schizophrenia in the British press. In E. Friginal & J.A. Hardy (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of corpus approaches to discourse analysis (pp. 537-553). Routledge.
Beckstein, A., Rathakrishnan, B., Hutchings, P. B., & Mohamed, N. H. (2021). The Covid-19 pandemic and mental health in Malaysia: Current treatment and future recommendations. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 21(1), 260-267.
Bilić, B., & Georgaca, E. (2007). Representations of “mental illness” in Serbian newspapers: A critical discourse analysis. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 4(1-2), 167-186.
Boke, O., Aker, S., Alptekin Aker, A., Sarisoy, G., & Sahin, A. R. (2007). Schizophrenia in Turkish newspapers: Retrospective scanning study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 42, 457-461.
Carmichael, V., Adamson, G., Sitter, K. C., & Whitley, R. (2019). Media coverage of mental illness: A comparison of citizen journalism vs. professional journalism portrayals. Journal of Mental Health, 28(5), 520-526.
Carvalho, A. (2005). Representing the politics of the greenhouse effect: Discursive strategies in the British media. Critical Discourse Studies, 2(1), 1-29.
Chen, M., & Lawrie, S. (2017). Newspaper depictions of mental and physical health. British Journal of Psychology Bulletin, 41(6), 308-313.
Convery, I., & Cox, D. (2012). A review of research ethics in internet-based research. Practitioner Research in Higher Education, 6(1), 50-57.
Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2002). Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World Psychiatry, 1(1), 16-20.
Drake, R. E., & Whitley, R. (2014). Recovery and severe mental illness: Description and analysis. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59(5), 236-242.
Elgesem, D. (2002). What is special about the ethical issues in online research? Ethics and Information Technology, 4(3), 195-203.
El-Sakran, T. M. (2023). Connotations of selected kinship terms in accident news of within family killing cases. The Moroccan Journal of Communication Studies, 3(6), 23-35.
Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis. Longman.
Fong, C. L., Ibrahim, N., Rahman, N. A. A., Bartlett, S., Ping, N. Y., & Nordin, A. S. A. (2018). Media reporting of suicide in the era of “Malaysia Baru”. Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 27(1), 67-73.
Fong, Y. L. (2021). Reporting on suicide in Malaysia: Problem characterization and solution advocacy by media. KOME: An International Journal of Pure Communication Inquiry, 9(2), 46-64.
Green, G., Hayes, C., Dickinson, D., Whittaker, A., & Gilheany, B. (2003). A mental health service users perspective to stigmatisation. Journal of Mental Health, 12(3), 223-234.
Hanafiah, A. N., & Van Bortel, T. (2015). A qualitative exploration of the perspectives of mental health professionals on stigma and discrimination of mental illness in Malaysia. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 9(1), 1-12.
Hannigan, B. (1999). Mental health care in the community: An analysis of contemporary public attitudes towards, and public representations of mental illness. Journal of Mental Health, 8(5), 431-440.
Hassandarvish, M. (2020, April 28). Malaysian expert: Silent mental illness ‘pandemic’ to arrive following COVID-19 economic fallout. Malay Mail. https://www.malaymail.com/news/life/2020/04/28/malaysian-expert-silent-mental-illness-pandemic-to-arrive-following-covid-1/1860920
Hawke, L. D., Parikh, S. V., & Michalak, E. E. (2013). Stigma and bipolar disorder: A review of the literature. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150(2), 181-191.
Hyler, S. E., Gabbard, G. O., & Schneider, I. (1991). Homicidal maniacs and narcissistic parasites: Stigmatization of mentally ill persons in the movies. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 42(10), 1044-1048.
Igwebuike, E. E. (2018). Discursive strategies and ideologies in selected newspaper reports on the Nigerian-Cameroonian Bakassi peninsula border conflict. Communication and the Public, 3(2), 151-168.
Johari, M. A., Shukri, M. Z. M., Abd, M. A. S., Karim, M. H. H. I., Khazali, A. K., Nasarudin, A. A., & Razali, S. (2017). Perception of media in reporting suicide cases in Malaysia. Journal of Advanced Research in Social and Behavioural Sciences, 7(1), 59-67.
Johnstone, M. J. (2001). Stigma, social justice and the rights of the mentally ill: Challenging the status quo. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 10(4), 200-209.
Krueger, V. (2016). How to power your writing with active and passive verbs. Poynter. https://www.poynter.org/educators-students/2016/how-to-power-your-writing-with-active-and-passive-verbs/
Küçükali, C. (2015). Discursive strategies and political hegemony: The Turkish case. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Kwauk, C. T. (2012). Obesity and the healthy living apparatus: Discursive strategies and the struggle for power. Critical Discourse Studies, 9(1), 39-57.
Link, B. G., Struening, E. L., Neese-Todd, S., Asmussen, S., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Stigma as a barrier to recovery: The consequences of stigma for the self-esteem of people with mental illnesses. Psychiatric Services, 52(12), 1621-1626.
Livingston, J. D. (2016). Contact between police and people with mental disorders: A review of rates. Psychiatric Services, 67(8), 850-857.
Lynch, R., Thuli, K., & Groombridge, L. (1994). Person first disability language: A pilot analysis of public perceptions. Journal of Rehabilitation, 60, 18-22.
Ma, Z. (2017). How the media cover mental illnesses: A review. Health Education, 117(1), 90-109.
Mannarini, S., & Rossi, A. (2019). Assessing mental illness stigma: A complex issue. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2722.
Mckeown, M., & Clancy, B. (1995). Media influence on societal perceptions of mental illness. Mental Health Nursing-London-Community Psychiatric Nurses Association, 15(2), 10-12.
McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail's mass communication theory. Sage Publications.
Ng, Y. P., Pheh, K. S., Panirselvam, R. R., Chan, W. L., Lim, J. B. Y., Lim, J. T. Y., Leong, K. K., Bartlett, S., Tay, K. W., & Chan, L. F. (2021). Malaysian stakeholder perspectives on suicide-related reporting: Findings from focus group discussions. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 673287.
Olstead, R. (2002). Contesting the text: Canadian media depictions of the conflation of mental illness and criminality. Sociology of Health & Illness, 24(5), 621-643.
Paradis-Gagné, E., Holmes, D., & Jacob, J. D. (2020). Caring for a violent relative with severe mental illness: A qualitative study. Journal of Research in Nursing, 25(8), 664-676.
Pendit, U. C., & Choo, K. A. (2020). Openness towards mental illness in Malaysia. e-BANGI: Jurnal Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan, 17(3), 46-56.
Razali, Z. A., Sanip, S., & Saad, R. A. (2018). Mental illness portrayal in media: A content analysis of Malaysian newspapers. International Journal of Business and Society, 19(S2), 324-331.
Reavley, N. J., Cvetkovski, S., & Jorm, A. F. (2011). Sources of information about mental health and links to help-seeking: Findings from the 2007 Australian national survey of mental health and wellbeing. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46(12), 1267-1274.
Reisigl, M., & Wodak, R. (2009). The discourse -historical approach (DHA). In R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of critical discourse analysis (pp. 87-121). Sage.
Reisigl, M., & Wodak, R. (2001). Discourse and discrimination. Rhetorics of racism and anti-Semitism. Routledge.
Richardson, J. E. (2017). Analysing newspapers: An approach from critical discourse analysis. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Ross, A. M., Morgan, A. J., Jorm, A. F., & Reavley, N. J. (2019). A systematic review of the impact of media reports of severe mental illness on stigma and discrimination, and interventions that aim to mitigate any adverse impact. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 54, 11-31.
Ryan, C. S., Robinson, D. R., & Hausmann, L. R. (2001). Stereotyping among providers and consumers of public mental health services: The role of perceived group variability. Behavior Modification, 25(3), 406-442.
Sateesh Babu, R. (2011). Media and psychiatry. Andhra Pradesh Journal of Psychological Medicine, 12(2), 55-58.
Seale, C. (2003). Health and media: An overview. Sociology of Health & Illness, 25(6), 513-531.
Sharf, B. F. (1999). Beyond netiquette: The ethics of doing naturalistic discourse research on the Internet. In S. Jones (Ed.), Doing internet research: Critical issues and methods for examining the net (pp. 243–256). Sage Publications.
Sieff, E. (2003). Media frames of mental illnesses: The potential impact of negative frames. Journal of Mental Health, 12(3), 259-269.
Smith, B. (2015). Mental illness stigma in the media. The Review: A Journal of Undergraduate Student Research, 16(1), 50-63.
Snow, K. (2007). People first language. Disability is Natural. http://www.disabilityisnatural.com/images/PDF/pfl09.pdf
Srivastava, M., Jain, S., & Patel, A. (2018). Substance use among outdoor treatment-seeking patients with mental illness: A case–control study from a tertiary care hospital of northern India. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 7(1), 1-6.
Staniland, L., Hasking, P., Lewis, S. P., & Boyes, M. (2022). News media framing of self-harm in Australia. Stigma and Health, 7(1), 35-44.
Stout, P. A., Villegas, J., & Jennings, N. A. (2004). Images of mental illness in the media: Identifying gaps in the research. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(3), 543-561.
Stuart, H. (2006). Mental illness and employment discrimination. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 19(5), 522-526.
Sudweeks, F., & Rafaeli, S. (1995). How do you get a hundred strangers to agree? Computer-mediated communication and collaboration. In T.M. Harrison & T.D. Stephen (Eds.), Computer networking and scholarship in the 21st century university (pp. 115–136). SUNY Press.
Tabbert, U. (2013). Crime through a corpus: The linguistic construction of offenders, victims and crimes in the German and UK press [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Huddersfield.
United Spinal Association. (2011). Disability etiquette: Tips on interacting with people with disabilities. United Spinal Association. https://unitedspinal.org/top-10-disability-etiquette/
Unubi, A. S. (2016). Conjunctions in English: Meaning, types and uses. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 4(3), 202-213.
Van Dijk, T. A. (1993). Elite discourse and racism. Sage.
Wahl O. F. (1992). Mass media images of mental illness: A review of the literature. Journal of Community Psychology, 20, 343–352.
Wahl, O. F. (1995). Media madness: Public images of mental illness. Rutgers University Press.
Wahl, O. F. (1999). Telling is risky business: Mental health consumers confront stigma. Rutgers University Press.
Wahl, O. F. (2004). Stop the presses. Journalistic treatment of mental illness. In L.D. Friedman (Ed.), Cultural sutures: Medicine and media (pp. 55–69). Duke University Press.
Walther, J. B. (2002). Research ethics in Internet-enabled research: Human subjects issues and methodological myopia. Ethics and Information Technology, 4(3), 205-216.
Wang, X. (2012). Media guidelines for the responsible reporting of suicide: A review of effectiveness. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 33(4), 190-198.
Watson, M., Jones, D., & Burns, L. (2007). Internet research and informed consent: An ethical model using archived emails. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 14, 396–403.
Whitley, R., & Berry, S. (2013). Analyzing media representations of mental illness: Lessons learnt from a national project. Journal of Mental Health, 22(3), 246-253.
Whitley, R., & Wang, J. (2017). Good news? A longitudinal analysis of newspaper portrayals of mental illness in Canada 2005 to 2015. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(4), 278-285.
Wodak, R. (2004). Discourses of silence. In L. Thiesmeyer (Ed.), Discourse and silencing (pp. 179-209). Benjamins.
Wood, J. D., Watson, A. C., & Fulambarker, A. J. (2017). The “gray zone” of police work during mental health encounters: Findings from an observational study in Chicago. Police Quarterly, 20(1), 81-105.
Yang, L. F., & Victor, J. (2021). Assessing adherence to guidelines of media reporting on suicide based on the Precaution Adoption Process Model and Agenda-Setting Theory. Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies, 3, 395-417.
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2024-07-31
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Discursive construction of news reports on people with mental illness in Malaysian online newspapers. (2024). Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS), 9(2), 371-401. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol9iss2pp371-401
