Online dispute resolution in Pakistan: Challenges and opportunities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss2pp103-119Abstract
This paper aims at exploring the legal and technical challenges that would not allow the use of Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) for disputes in Pakistan. It uses the doctrinal legal analysis methodology by asking ‘what the law states about the ODR in Pakistan?’ to enrich the subject matter of the ODR and cover all perspectives, issues, features, and the most current advancements in the area of ODR and Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in Pakistan. Currently, there is no applicable national or international law in Pakistan mainly regulating ODR. Therefore, at this stage, this article analyses the existing rules such as Recognition and Enforcement (Arbitration Agreements and Foreign Arbitral Awards) Act 2011 and Alternative Dispute Resolution Act 2017 to examine whether they apply to ODR. Along with exploring the nature of existing legal framework on the ADR and ODR, this paper develops a theoretical framework that application of ODR standards, in a substernal manner, depends on its socio-cultural acceptance.
Keywords: Access to Justice, Alternative Dispute Resolution, Consumer Disputes, Online Dispute Resolution
References
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Schmitz, J. A. (2018). A blueprint for online dispute resolution system design. Journal of Internet Law, 21(3), 3-4.
Schmitz, J. A., & Rule, C. (2017). The new handshake: Online dispute resolution and the future of consumer protection. American Bar Association.
Schultz, T., Bonnet, V., Boudaoud, K., Harms, J., & Langer, D. (2002). Electronic communication issues related to online dispute resolution systems. In The Eleventh International World Wide Web Conference. https://ssrn.com/abstract=899108
Silbey, S. S. (2018). Legal culture and cultures of legality. In Routledge handbook of cultural Sociology (pp. 426-435). Routledge.
Tyler, M., & Bornstein, J. (2006). Accreditation of on-line dispute resolution practitioners. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 23(3), 383-404.
Ullah, I. (2021). Arbitration Law of Pakistan. Wolters Kluwer.
Wang, F. (2018). Online arbitration. Informa Law from Routledge.
Weiss, D. (2020, March 16). SCOTUS delays arguments while other courts suspend trials or close over COVID-19 concerns. ABA Journal. https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/supreme-court-delays-arguments-while-other-courts-through-
country-suspend-trials-or-close
Wolff, L. (2013). Litigiousness in Australia: Lessons from comparative law. Deakin Law Review, 18(2), 271-289.
World Bank. (2021). Individuals using the Internet (% of population) – Pakistan. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?locations=PK
Ali, B., & Aziz-ur-Rehman, H. (2021). Protection of fundamental rights in Pakistan: A study of the development of public interest litigation. Al-Qamar, 4(1), 19-30.
Ali, M., & Geng, L. L. (2019). Alternative dispute resolution (Adr) in Pakistan: The role of lawyers in mediation procedure. International Journal of Research, 6(4), 421-430.
Cortés, P. (2011). Online dispute resolution for consumers in the European Union. Taylor & Francis.
Dunn, G. (2020). Coronavirus and force majeure: Addressing epidemics in LNG and other commodities contracts. https://www.gibsondunn.com/coronavirus-and-force-majeure-addressing-epidemics-in-lng-and-other-commodities-contracts/
Dataportal. (2021). Digital 2021: Pakistan. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-pakistan
Friedman, L. M. (2019). Is there a modern legal culture? Passagens-International Review of Political History and Legal Culture, 11(1), 4-23.
Friedman, L. M. (1998). The republic of choice: Law, authority, and culture. Harvard University Press.
Gilani, S. R., & Begum, M. (2021). Access to justice for consumers in Pakistan. In S. Kaya (Ed), Consumer access to justice in emerging economies (pp. 133-147). Adalet Press.
Gohar, A. (2018). Returning to indigenous traditions of peacemaking, peacebuilding, and peacekeeping: From Jirga (TDR) to restorative justice (ADR) in Pakistan. In Routledge international handbook of restorative justice (pp. 56-69). Routledge.
Greenhouse, C. J. (1989). Interpreting American litigiousness. In J. Starr & J. F. Collier (Eds.), History and power in the study of law (pp. 252-274). Cornell University Press.
Habyyev, R., & Kaya, S. (2021). A critical role of diplomatic protection in ınvestor-state disputes. On İki Levha Yayıncılık.
Hörnle, J. (2009). Cross-border internet dispute resolution. Cambridge University Press.
ICC. (2003). Resolving disputes online: Best practices for online dispute. Department of Policy and Business Practice.
Kaufmann-Kohler, G., & Schultz, T. (2004). Online dispute resolution: Challenges for contemporary justice. Kluwer Law International BV.
Katsh, E., & Rifkin, J. (2001). Online dispute resolution: Resolving Conflicts in Cyberspace. Jossey-Bass.
Khan, M., Kaya, S., & Habib, I. (2018). Global trends of online dispute resolution (ODR) with reference to online trade in Pakistan. Review of Economics and Development Studies, 4(2), 303-311.
Khan, M. A., Zubair, S. S., & Malik, M. (2019). An assessment of e-service quality, e-satisfaction and e-loyalty: Case of online shopping in Pakistan. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 8(3), 283-302.
Khan, N. U. (2018). Constitutional manacles on superior court’s jurisdiction and recent scenario on public interest litigation in Pakistan. South Asian Studies, 33(2), 383-394.
Kaya, S. (2020). Consumer dispute resolution in the digital age: Online dipute resolution. On iki Levha.
Kaya, S. (2019). Access to justice for Turkish consumers in the digital age: The need for enhancing consumer dispute resolution through online dispute resolution. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Brunel University London.
Lincoln, A. (1850). Abraham Lincoln's notes for a law lecture. http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/lawlect.htm
Rule, C. (2002). Online dispute resolution for business: B2B, e-commerce, consumer, employment, insurance, and other commercial conflicts. Jossey-Bass.
Schmitz, J. A. (2018). A blueprint for online dispute resolution system design. Journal of Internet Law, 21(3), 3-4.
Schmitz, J. A., & Rule, C. (2017). The new handshake: Online dispute resolution and the future of consumer protection. American Bar Association.
Schultz, T., Bonnet, V., Boudaoud, K., Harms, J., & Langer, D. (2002). Electronic communication issues related to online dispute resolution systems. In The Eleventh International World Wide Web Conference. https://ssrn.com/abstract=899108
Silbey, S. S. (2018). Legal culture and cultures of legality. In Routledge handbook of cultural Sociology (pp. 426-435). Routledge.
Tyler, M., & Bornstein, J. (2006). Accreditation of on-line dispute resolution practitioners. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 23(3), 383-404.
Ullah, I. (2021). Arbitration Law of Pakistan. Wolters Kluwer.
Wang, F. (2018). Online arbitration. Informa Law from Routledge.
Weiss, D. (2020, March 16). SCOTUS delays arguments while other courts suspend trials or close over COVID-19 concerns. ABA Journal. https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/supreme-court-delays-arguments-while-other-courts-through-
country-suspend-trials-or-close
Wolff, L. (2013). Litigiousness in Australia: Lessons from comparative law. Deakin Law Review, 18(2), 271-289.
World Bank. (2021). Individuals using the Internet (% of population) – Pakistan. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?locations=PK
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Published
2022-06-30
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How to Cite
Online dispute resolution in Pakistan: Challenges and opportunities. (2022). Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS), 7(2), 103-119. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss2pp103-119
