Determinants of plagiarism in plagiarism behavior and their effects on total quality management in a multicultural study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol10iss1pp192-216Abstract
Background and Purpose: Plagiarism is considered an epidemic and a complex problem faced by many students, lecturers and researchers at higher institutions across the globe. This study investigates the causal relationships between the predictors of Plagiarism on the one hand and the intention to plagiarize on the other. It also aims to study the roles of intention to plagiarize in plagiarism behavior and, consequently, the effects of plagiarism behavior on total quality management.
Methodology: Seven hundred sixty-eight postgraduate students from Malaysian, Nigerian and Omani higher institutions voluntarily participated in this study following the quota sampling technique. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data gathered.
Findings: The results suggested that the predictors of Plagiarism were positively and statistically correlated to the intention to plagiarize, while the intention to plagiarize was statistically correlated with plagiarism behavior. The analysis also indicated that plagiarism behavior was statistically and negatively correlated with total quality factors, namely continuous improvement, academic performance and work ability.
Contributions: Overall, this study showed that plagiarism negatively affects the total quality management in higher institutions, thus requiring an urgent response from the institution's authority. Plagiarism has a variety of fatal consequences for the student as an individual and the institution at large.
Keywords: Plagiarism behavior, Total Quality Management (TQM), multicultural context.
References
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Altbach, P. (2015). The question of corruption. International Higher Education, 34(1), 7–8.
Anderman, E. M. (2007). The effects of personal, classroom, and school goal structures on academic cheating. In E. M. Anderman & T. B. Murdock (Eds.), Psychology of academic cheating (pp. 87–106). Elsevier Academic Press.
Bacon, A. M., McDaid, C., Williams, N., & Corr, P. J. (2019). What motivates academic dishonesty in students? A reinforcement sensitivity theory explanation. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(1), 152-166.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Prentice Hall.
Beasley, E. M. (2014). Students reported for cheating explain what they think would have stopped them. Ethics & Behavior, 24(3), 229–252.
Beck, L., & Ajzen, I. (1991). Predicting dishonest actions using the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Research in Personality, 25(3), 285–301.
Copple, C., & Bredekamp, S. (2009). Developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood programs. National Association for the Education of Young Children.
Eric, M. A., & Won, S. (2017). Academic cheating in disliked classes. Ethics & Behavior, 29(1), 1-22.
Field, A. (2000). Discovering statistics using SPSS for windows. Sage Publications.
George, D., & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 17.0 update (10th ed.). Pearson.
Giluk, T. L., & Postlethwaite, B. E. (2015). Big five personality and academic dishonesty: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Individual Differences, 72(1), 59–67.
Goh, E. (2015). Exploring underlying motivations behind extreme cases of plagiarism in tourism and hospitality education. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 27(2), 80-84.
Gravetter, F., & Wallnau, L. (2014). Essentials of statistics for the behavioral sciences (8th ed.). Wadsworth.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (7th ed.). Pearson Education.
Hard, S. F., Conway, J. M., & Moran, A. C. (2006). Faculty and college student beliefs about the frequency of student academic misconduct. Journal of Higher Education, 77(6), 1058–1080.
Hu, I., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
Ibegbulam, I. J., & Eze, J. U. (2015). Knowledge, perception and attitude of Nigerian students to Plagiarism: A case study. IFLA Journal, 41(2), 120–128.
Imran, A. M., & Ayobami, O. R. (2011). Academic dishonesty among tertiary institution students: An exploration of the societal influences using SEM analysis. International Journal of Education, 3(2), 1-15.
International Center for Academic Integrity. (2016). Integrity. Academic Integrity. http://www.academicintegrity.org/icai/integrity-3.php
Ison, D. C. (2014). Does the online environment promote Plagiarism? A comparative study of dissertations from brick-and-mortar versus online institutions. Merlot Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 10(2), 272-282.
Jones, D. L. (2011). Academic dishonesty: Are more students cheating? Business Communication Quarterly, 74(2), 141-150.
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
Lin, C. S., & Wen, L. M. (2007). Academic dishonesty in higher education – A nationwide study in Taiwan. Higher Education, 54(1), 85–97.
Maloshonok, N., & Shmeleva, E. (2019). Factors influencing academic dishonesty among undergraduate students at Russian Universities. Journal of Academic Ethics, 17(2), 313-329.
Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., & Grayson, D. (2005). Goodness of fit in structural equation models. In A. Maydeu-Olivares & J. J. McArdle (Eds.), Multivariate applications book series. Contemporary psychometrics: A festschrift for Roderick P. McDonald (pp. 275–340). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Mayhem, M. J., Hubbard S. M., Finelli, C. J., Harding, T. S., & Carpenter, D. D. (2009). Using structural equation modelling to validate the theory of planned behaviour as a model for predicting student cheating. The Review of Higher Education, 32(4), 441-468.
McCabe, D. L., & Trevino, L. K. (1993). Academic dishonesty: Honor codes and their contextual influences. The Journal of Higher Education, 64(5), 552-538.
McCabe, D. L., Feghali, T., & Abdallah, H. (2008). Academic dishonesty in the Middle East: Individual and contextual factors. Research in Higher Education, 49(5), 451–467.
McCabe, D. L., Treviño, L. K., & Butterfield, K. D. (2001). Cheating in academic institutions: A decade of research. Ethics & Behavior, 11(3), 219–232.
Nash, J. (2018). Plagiarism, culture, the Middle East and Westernization: A mixed methods study. Learning and Teaching in Higher Education: Gulf Perspectives, 15(1), 54-67.
Ogilvie, J., & Stewart, A. (2010). The integration of rational choice and self-efficacy theories: A situational analysis of student misconduct. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 43(1), 130–155.
Owunwanne, D., Rustagi, N., & Dada, R. (2010). Students' perceptions of cheating and Plagiarism in higher institutions. Journal of College Teaching & Learning, 7(11), 59– 68.
Park, C. (2003). In other (people's) words: Plagiarism by university students – Literature and lessons. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 28(5), 471-488.
Park, C. (2004). Rebels without a clause: Towards an institutional framework for dealing with plagiarism by students. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 28(3), 291-306.
Peled, Y., Eshet Y., Barczyk, C., & Grinautski, K., (2018). Predictors of academic dishonesty among undergraduate students in online and face-to-face courses. Computers & Education, 131(1), 49-59.
Rawwas, M. Y. A., Al-Khatib, J. A., & Vitell, S. (2004). Academic dishonesty: A cross- cultural comparison of U.S and Chinese marketing students. Journal of Marketing Education, 26(1), 89–100.
Rinn, A. N., Boazman, J., Jackson, A., & Barrio, B. (2014). Locus of control, academic self-concept, and academic dishonesty among high ability college students. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 14(4), 88–114.
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and non-experimental studies. New procedures and recommendations psychological methods. American Psychological, 7(4), 422–445.
Simon, C. A., Carr, J. R., McCullough, S. M., Morgan, S. J., Oleson, T., & Ressel, M. (2004). Gender, student perceptions, institutional commitments and academic dishonesty: Who reports in academic dishonesty cases? Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 29(1), 75–90.
Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. In S. Leinhardt (Ed.), Sociological methodology 1982 (pp. 290- 312). American Sociological Association.
Stone, T. H., Jawahar, I. M., & Kisamore, J. L. (2010). Predicting academic misconduct intentions and behavior using the theory of planned behavior and personality. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 32(1), 35–45.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
Taradi, S. K., Taradi, M., Kneževic, T., & Đogas̆, Z. (2010). Students come to medical schools prepared to cheat: A multi-campus investigation. Journal of Medical Ethics, 36(11), 666–670.
Teodorescu, D., & Andrei, T. (2009). Faculty and peer influences on academic integrity: College cheating in Romania. Higher Education, 57(3), 267–282.
Trochim, W. M., & Donnelly, J. P. (2006). The research methods knowledge base (3rd ed.). Atomic Dog.
Vandehey, M., Diekhoff, G., & LaBeff, E. (2007). College cheating: A twenty-year follow-up and the addition of an honor code. Journal of College Student Development, 48(4), 468–480.
Witherspoon, M., Maldonado, N., & Lacey, C. (2010). Academic dishonesty of undergraduates: Methods of cheating. [Paper presentation]. Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association.
Wood, D., Bruner, J., & Ross, G. (1976). The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Child Psychiatry, 17(2), 89−100.
Yang, S. C., Huang, C. L., & Chen, A. S. (2013). An investigation of college students' perceptions of academic dishonesty, reasons for dishonesty, achievement goals, and willingness to report dishonest behavior. Ethics & Behavior, 23(6), 501-522.
Yu, H., Glanzer, P. L., Sriram, R., Johnson, B. R., & Moore, B. (2016). What contribute to college students' cheating? A study of individual factors. Ethics and Behavior, 27(5), 401–422.
Zafarghandi, A. M., Khoshroo, F., & Barkat, B. (2012). An investigation of Iranian EFL master students' perceptions of Plagiarism. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 8(2), 69-85.
Zhang, D., & Koda, K. (2012). Contribution of morphological awareness and lexical inferencing ability to L2 vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension among advanced learners: Testing direct and indirect effects. Reading and Writing, 25(5), 1195-1216.
Altbach, P. (2015). The question of corruption. International Higher Education, 34(1), 7–8.
Anderman, E. M. (2007). The effects of personal, classroom, and school goal structures on academic cheating. In E. M. Anderman & T. B. Murdock (Eds.), Psychology of academic cheating (pp. 87–106). Elsevier Academic Press.
Bacon, A. M., McDaid, C., Williams, N., & Corr, P. J. (2019). What motivates academic dishonesty in students? A reinforcement sensitivity theory explanation. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(1), 152-166.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Prentice Hall.
Beasley, E. M. (2014). Students reported for cheating explain what they think would have stopped them. Ethics & Behavior, 24(3), 229–252.
Beck, L., & Ajzen, I. (1991). Predicting dishonest actions using the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Research in Personality, 25(3), 285–301.
Copple, C., & Bredekamp, S. (2009). Developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood programs. National Association for the Education of Young Children.
Eric, M. A., & Won, S. (2017). Academic cheating in disliked classes. Ethics & Behavior, 29(1), 1-22.
Field, A. (2000). Discovering statistics using SPSS for windows. Sage Publications.
George, D., & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 17.0 update (10th ed.). Pearson.
Giluk, T. L., & Postlethwaite, B. E. (2015). Big five personality and academic dishonesty: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Individual Differences, 72(1), 59–67.
Goh, E. (2015). Exploring underlying motivations behind extreme cases of plagiarism in tourism and hospitality education. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 27(2), 80-84.
Gravetter, F., & Wallnau, L. (2014). Essentials of statistics for the behavioral sciences (8th ed.). Wadsworth.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (7th ed.). Pearson Education.
Hard, S. F., Conway, J. M., & Moran, A. C. (2006). Faculty and college student beliefs about the frequency of student academic misconduct. Journal of Higher Education, 77(6), 1058–1080.
Hu, I., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
Ibegbulam, I. J., & Eze, J. U. (2015). Knowledge, perception and attitude of Nigerian students to Plagiarism: A case study. IFLA Journal, 41(2), 120–128.
Imran, A. M., & Ayobami, O. R. (2011). Academic dishonesty among tertiary institution students: An exploration of the societal influences using SEM analysis. International Journal of Education, 3(2), 1-15.
International Center for Academic Integrity. (2016). Integrity. Academic Integrity. http://www.academicintegrity.org/icai/integrity-3.php
Ison, D. C. (2014). Does the online environment promote Plagiarism? A comparative study of dissertations from brick-and-mortar versus online institutions. Merlot Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 10(2), 272-282.
Jones, D. L. (2011). Academic dishonesty: Are more students cheating? Business Communication Quarterly, 74(2), 141-150.
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
Lin, C. S., & Wen, L. M. (2007). Academic dishonesty in higher education – A nationwide study in Taiwan. Higher Education, 54(1), 85–97.
Maloshonok, N., & Shmeleva, E. (2019). Factors influencing academic dishonesty among undergraduate students at Russian Universities. Journal of Academic Ethics, 17(2), 313-329.
Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., & Grayson, D. (2005). Goodness of fit in structural equation models. In A. Maydeu-Olivares & J. J. McArdle (Eds.), Multivariate applications book series. Contemporary psychometrics: A festschrift for Roderick P. McDonald (pp. 275–340). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Mayhem, M. J., Hubbard S. M., Finelli, C. J., Harding, T. S., & Carpenter, D. D. (2009). Using structural equation modelling to validate the theory of planned behaviour as a model for predicting student cheating. The Review of Higher Education, 32(4), 441-468.
McCabe, D. L., & Trevino, L. K. (1993). Academic dishonesty: Honor codes and their contextual influences. The Journal of Higher Education, 64(5), 552-538.
McCabe, D. L., Feghali, T., & Abdallah, H. (2008). Academic dishonesty in the Middle East: Individual and contextual factors. Research in Higher Education, 49(5), 451–467.
McCabe, D. L., Treviño, L. K., & Butterfield, K. D. (2001). Cheating in academic institutions: A decade of research. Ethics & Behavior, 11(3), 219–232.
Nash, J. (2018). Plagiarism, culture, the Middle East and Westernization: A mixed methods study. Learning and Teaching in Higher Education: Gulf Perspectives, 15(1), 54-67.
Ogilvie, J., & Stewart, A. (2010). The integration of rational choice and self-efficacy theories: A situational analysis of student misconduct. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 43(1), 130–155.
Owunwanne, D., Rustagi, N., & Dada, R. (2010). Students' perceptions of cheating and Plagiarism in higher institutions. Journal of College Teaching & Learning, 7(11), 59– 68.
Park, C. (2003). In other (people's) words: Plagiarism by university students – Literature and lessons. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 28(5), 471-488.
Park, C. (2004). Rebels without a clause: Towards an institutional framework for dealing with plagiarism by students. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 28(3), 291-306.
Peled, Y., Eshet Y., Barczyk, C., & Grinautski, K., (2018). Predictors of academic dishonesty among undergraduate students in online and face-to-face courses. Computers & Education, 131(1), 49-59.
Rawwas, M. Y. A., Al-Khatib, J. A., & Vitell, S. (2004). Academic dishonesty: A cross- cultural comparison of U.S and Chinese marketing students. Journal of Marketing Education, 26(1), 89–100.
Rinn, A. N., Boazman, J., Jackson, A., & Barrio, B. (2014). Locus of control, academic self-concept, and academic dishonesty among high ability college students. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 14(4), 88–114.
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and non-experimental studies. New procedures and recommendations psychological methods. American Psychological, 7(4), 422–445.
Simon, C. A., Carr, J. R., McCullough, S. M., Morgan, S. J., Oleson, T., & Ressel, M. (2004). Gender, student perceptions, institutional commitments and academic dishonesty: Who reports in academic dishonesty cases? Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 29(1), 75–90.
Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. In S. Leinhardt (Ed.), Sociological methodology 1982 (pp. 290- 312). American Sociological Association.
Stone, T. H., Jawahar, I. M., & Kisamore, J. L. (2010). Predicting academic misconduct intentions and behavior using the theory of planned behavior and personality. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 32(1), 35–45.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
Taradi, S. K., Taradi, M., Kneževic, T., & Đogas̆, Z. (2010). Students come to medical schools prepared to cheat: A multi-campus investigation. Journal of Medical Ethics, 36(11), 666–670.
Teodorescu, D., & Andrei, T. (2009). Faculty and peer influences on academic integrity: College cheating in Romania. Higher Education, 57(3), 267–282.
Trochim, W. M., & Donnelly, J. P. (2006). The research methods knowledge base (3rd ed.). Atomic Dog.
Vandehey, M., Diekhoff, G., & LaBeff, E. (2007). College cheating: A twenty-year follow-up and the addition of an honor code. Journal of College Student Development, 48(4), 468–480.
Witherspoon, M., Maldonado, N., & Lacey, C. (2010). Academic dishonesty of undergraduates: Methods of cheating. [Paper presentation]. Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association.
Wood, D., Bruner, J., & Ross, G. (1976). The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Child Psychiatry, 17(2), 89−100.
Yang, S. C., Huang, C. L., & Chen, A. S. (2013). An investigation of college students' perceptions of academic dishonesty, reasons for dishonesty, achievement goals, and willingness to report dishonest behavior. Ethics & Behavior, 23(6), 501-522.
Yu, H., Glanzer, P. L., Sriram, R., Johnson, B. R., & Moore, B. (2016). What contribute to college students' cheating? A study of individual factors. Ethics and Behavior, 27(5), 401–422.
Zafarghandi, A. M., Khoshroo, F., & Barkat, B. (2012). An investigation of Iranian EFL master students' perceptions of Plagiarism. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 8(2), 69-85.
Zhang, D., & Koda, K. (2012). Contribution of morphological awareness and lexical inferencing ability to L2 vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension among advanced learners: Testing direct and indirect effects. Reading and Writing, 25(5), 1195-1216.
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2025-02-28
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Determinants of plagiarism in plagiarism behavior and their effects on total quality management in a multicultural study. (2025). Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS), 10(1), 192-216. https://doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol10iss1pp192-216
