Uslub komunikasi Rasulullah s.a.w. menerusi ujaran al-nida’ dalam hadis al-Arba'in al-Nawawiyyah

[Prophetic communication style through vocative utterances (al-nida') in al-Arba'in al-Nawawiyyah]

Abstract

The communication style of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) demonstrates a rhetorical excellence that aligns with the principles of 'Ilm al-Ma'ani?, specifically mutabaqah al-kalam li-muqtada al-hal (suitability of speech to the requirements of the situation), where utterances are adapted to the context, purpose, and readiness of the listener. One such style is observable through the use of al-Nida' (vocative utterances) within the al-Arba'in al-Nawawiyyah collection This study aims to identify the use of al-Nida' utterances in al-Arba'in al-Nawawiyyah and to analyse the communication style manifested through the semantic functions of these utterances. This study adopts a qualitative research design employing textual analysis of the hadiths in al-Arba'in al-Nawawiyyah through deductive, inductive, and comparative approaches. The analytical framework is synthesised from two contemporary works on 'Ilm al-Ma'ani by Bakri Shaykh Amin and Basyuni Fayyud. The findings reveal that al-Nida' utterances occur across diverse communicative contexts, including interactions between the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his Companions, as well as Divine communication in Hadith Qudsi. The analysis further demonstrates that the semantic functions of these utterances are dynamically determined by the identity of the speaker. Vocative expressions employed by the Companions predominantly realise the function of al-Nida' al-Haqiqi, serving as expressions of communicative etiquette and reverence, whereas those employed by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and by Allah predominantly function as al-Ighra', operating as a rhetorical strategy to attract attention and facilitate moral instruction. This distinctive communicative style is further exemplified in Hadith Qudsi, where the repetitive use (takrar) of vocative expressions functions to renew the audience's attention and reinforce the intended message. The study concludes that al-Nida' constitutes a dynamic feature of Nabawi communication that cultivates emotional engagement and psychological readiness among listeners, thereby offering a valuable model for contemporary Islamic communication.