IMPAK PEMBINAAN EMPANGAN TEMENGGOR KE ATAS SOSIOEKONOMI KOMUNITI ORANG ASLI JAHAI DI RANCANGAN PENGUMPULAN SEMULA AIR BANUN, PERAK
Impacts of Temenggor Dam on the Socio-economic of the Jahai Community in The Air Banun Regroupment Scheme, Perak
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37231/apj.2022.5.1.315Abstract
Abstract: The environmental change has a significant impact on the vulnerable indigenous community, who are dependent on natural resources for survival. The rapid transformation in Peninsular Malaysia has brought significant changes in the biophysical environment where Orang Asli are particularly affected. The Jahai in Belum-Temengor, one of the 18 indigenous communities in Peninsular Malaysia called Orang Asli, has a history of seclusion and marginalization due to the alteration in their biophysical environment. The objective of this study is to identify the impact of dam construction on the Jahai in RPS Air Banun. This research was carried out from 2014 to 2015 in RPS Air Banun, Gerik, Perak, involving a total of 48 respondents from six villages and 8 key informants. The methods employed are questionnaires, interviews with key informants and observation. Secondary data from the Department of Forestry, Peninsular Malaysia were analyzed to identified the affected area due to the dam construction in Belum-Temengor. The finding shows that the degradation in socio-economic status of the Jahai from RPS Air Banun is closely related to the biophysical changes due to the dam construction in the area. The integration process of the community into the mainstream economic system under resettlement program has created series of social problems. Therefore, proactive efforts from related stakeholders and bodies to strengthen their socio-economic condition are critical to improve their living condition.
Keywords: Dam; Development; Regroupment; Socio-economy; The Jahai
Abstrak: Perubahan persekitaran telah memberi impak yang signifikan ke atas masyarakat peribumi yang mana masih bergantung kepada sumber tabii dalam meneruskan kelangsungan hidup. Transformasi ekonomi yang pesat telah membawa perubahan yang signifikan ke atas persekitaran biofizikal di Semenanjung Malaysia dan didapati telah memberi impak yang besar ke atas masyrakat peribumi. Orang Asli Jahai yang mendiami kawasan hutan Belum-Temengor merupakan salah satu daripada 18 suku kaum masyrakat peribumi yang terdapat di Semenanjung Malaysia yang mana turut terancam akibat perubahan yang berlaku di persekitaran mereka. Pembinaan empangan hidroelektrik di kawasan tersebut dikesan telah memberi kesan besar ke atas sosioekonomi komunit tersebut. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti impak pembinaan empangan ke atas sosioekonomi Orang Asli Jahai setelah lebih tiga dekad pembinaannya di kawasan tersebut. Kajian ini dijalankan pada 2014 di RPS Air Banun dengan mengaplikasikan pendekatan kuantitatif menerusi kaedah tinjauan menggunakan borang soal selidik dan pendekata kualitatif yang melibatkan kaedah pemerhatian turut dan temuramah secara mendalam dalam proses pengumpulan data. Seramai 48 orang responden dan lapan informan utama yang terlibat dalam kajian ini. Data sekunder daripada Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia (JPSM) turut digunapakai bagai mengesan perubahan fizikal kawasan kajian. Pembinaan empangan dikesan telah memberi impak yang signifikan ke atas sosioekonomi Orang Asli Jahai apabila mereka ditempatkan semula di bawah skim Rancangan Penempatan Semula (RPS) Orang Asli. Usaha mengintegrasikan mereka ke dalam sistem ekonomi arus perdana pula didapati mewujudkan permasalahan yang lebih rumit. Usaha proaktif daripada semua pihak berkepentingan bagi mengukuhan aspek sosioekonomi dan sokongan sosial amat kritikal dilakukan bagi memperbaiki keadaan hidup mereka.
Kata kunci: Empangan; Pembangunan; Pengumpulan semula; Sosioekonomi; Orang Asli Jahai
References
Abdullah, A., Ching, O. O. dan Fadzil. K. S. (2011). Collectors and traders: A study of Orang Asli involvement
in wildlife trade in the Belum-Temengor Complex, Perak. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Centre for Malaysian Indigenous Studies, University of Malaya.
Abdullah, M. A. (2009). Kesan Awal Pembinaan Projek Hidro Elektrik Bakun. Dalam Yahaya Ibrahim(Penyunting). Komuniti, Pembagunan dan Transormasi. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Penerbit Universiti kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM.
Aiken, S. R. and Leigh, C. H. (2011). Seeking Redress in the Courts: Indigenous Land Rights and Judicial
Decisions in Malaysia. Modern Asian Studies, 45(4), 825–875.
Carey, I. (1976). Orang Asli: The Aboriginal Tribes of Peninsular Malaysia. London, England: Oxford University Press.
Cooke, F. M., Nordensvard, J., Saat, G. B., Urban, F., & Siciliano, G. (2017). The limits of social protection: the
case of hydropower dams and indigenous peoples' land. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 4(3), 437-450.
Dobree, P. G. J. (1994). Hujan Panas Bawa Bencana. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Égré, D., & Senécal, P. (2003). Social impact assessments of large dams throughout the world: lessons learned
over two decades. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 21(3), 215-224.
Emby, Z., Redzuan, M., Basri, G. & Hamid. A. H. (1996). Rancangan Pengumpulan Semula: Kesannya ke atas
masyarakat dan budaya Orang Asli di Perak. Selangor, Malaysia: Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Fui, L. H. (2003). Economic advancement and poverty eradication among the aborigines’ in Malaysia. This is the original, unedited version of a paper submitted to the XII World Forestry Congress, Québec City, Canada. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/article/wfc/xii/0175-a2.htm#P10_167.
Gebara, M. F. (2018). Tenure reforms in indigenous lands: decentralized forest management or
illegalism? Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 32, 60-67.
Green, D. and Raygorodetsky, G. (2010). Indigenous knowledge of a changing climate. Climatic Change, 100,
–242.
Harun, M. F. M. dan Idris, N. A. H. (2009). Pembangunan Masyarakat Orang Asli Dilema Kemiskinan dan Terpinggir. Shah Alam, Malaysia: UPENA UiTM.
Hess, C. E. E., & Fenrich, E. (2017). Socio-environmental conflicts on hydropower: The São Luiz do Tapajós
project in Brazil. Environmental science & policy, 73, 20-28.
Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli. (2005). Kehidupan, Budaya & Pantang Larang Orang Asli. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli, Kementerian Pembangunan Luar Bandar.
Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli. (2021). Retrieved from https://www.jakoa.gov.my/suku-kaum/.
Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa (2015). Draft Rancangan Tempatan Daerah Hulu Perak 2030. Jil. 2.
Kawalan perancangan. Retrieved from http://epublisiti.townplan.gov.my/turun/rt_huluperak2030/jilid2.pdf
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia (1987), Inventori Hutan Nasional II: Semenanjung Malaysia. Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia: Unit Pengurusan Hutan.
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia (1997), Inventori Hutan Nasional Ketiga:Semenanjung Malaysia.
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia.
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia (2007), Laporan Inventori Hutan Nasional Keempat Semenanjung
Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia.
Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia (2014), Laporan Inventori Hutan Nasional Kelima (IHN-5). Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia: Jabatan Perhutanan Semenanjung Malaysia.
Johansen, B. E. (2003). Indigenous people and environmental issues: An encyclopedia. California, CA: Greenwood Press.
Karim, S. R., & Mansor, M. (2013). Impacts of Temengor dam on the socio-economic conditions of Orang Asli
of the Temengor lake area. International Journal of Biology. Pharmacy and Allied Sciences (IJBPAS), 2(7), 1437-1444.
Kamarudin, K. H., Chong, N. O. & Razak, K. A. (2016). Local community participation in non-farm economic
development: The case of two Orang Asli communities of Royal Belum State Park, Perak. Journal of Human Capital Development (JHCD), 9(2), 79-98.
Lee, K. E., Shahabudin, S. M., Mokhtar, M., Choy, Y. K., Goh, T. L., & Simon, N. (2018). Sustainable water
resources management and potential development of multi-purpose dam: the case of Malaysia. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 16(3), 2323-2347.
Manorom, K., Baird, I. G., & Shoemaker, B. (2017, May). The World Bank, hydropower-based poverty
alleviation and indigenous peoples: On-the-ground realities in the Xe Bang Fai river basin of Laos. In Forum for Development Studies (Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 275-300). Routledge.
Mat Nor, H. (1996). Tanah dan Masyarakat Orang Asli: Kajian Kes di Empat Buah Kampung Orang Asli di
Daerah Batang Padang, Perak. Bangi, Malaysia: Fakulti Sains Kemasyarakatan dan Kemanusiaan, UKM.
Mat Nor, H. (1998). Masyarakat Orang Asli dan Akta 134. Dlm Masyarakat Peribumi Menghadapi Cabaran
Pembangunan, disunting oleh Hasan Mat Nor. Bangi, Malaysia: Jabatan Sosiologi dan Antropologi, UKM.
Nawan, I. N. (1993). Rancangan Pengumpulan Semula (RPS) Orang Jahai: Kajian Kes Mengenai Perubahan
Sosial di RPS Air Banun. Bangi, Malaysia: Jabatan Antropologi dan Sosiologi, UKM.
Nicholas, C. (2000). The Orang Asli and The Contest for Resources: Indigenous, Politics, Development and
Identity in Peninsular Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Vinlin Press Sdn. Bhd.
Omar, M. (2008). Rancangan Pengumpulan Semula (RPS) masyarakat Orang Asli: Pencapaian dan cabaran.
Dalam Orang Asli: Isu, transformasi dan cabaran, ed. Ma’Rof Redzuan dan Sarjit S. Gill. Serdang, Malaysia: Penerbit UPM.
Omar, M. (2009). Pembangunan dan impak demografi ke atas komuniti Jakun. Dalam Komuniti, pembagunan
dan transormasi, ed. Yahaya Ibrahim. Bangi, Malaysia: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Salleh, H. (1995). Dunia Peribumi dan Alam Sekitar: Langkah ke Hadapan. Bangi, Malaysia: Penerbit UKM.
Syuhada, N., Nurhidayu, S., & Sofiyan, M. (2018). The effects of forest disturbance on lakes and reservoirs
capacity in Malaysia. The Malaysian Forester, 81(1), 73-99.
Schebesta, P. (1928). Among the Forest Dwarfs of Malaya. London, England: Oxford University Press.
Walker, R., & Simmons, C. (2018). Endangered Amazon: an indigenous tribe fights back against hydropower development in the Tapajós Valley. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 60(2), 4-15.
World Commission on Dams. (2000). Dams and development: A new framework for decision-making: The
report of the world commission on dams. Oxfordshire, England: Earthscan.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Upon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to transfer copyright. This transfer will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information. A notification will be sent to the corresponding author confirming receipt of the manuscript. If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the author(s) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the source(s) in the article.
