FILANTROPI : SATU SOROTAN DARI SUDUT HUKUM TAKLIFI
Abstract
Philanthropy is a relatively new term among Muslims. But practically it is nothing new, what is more, it has been extensively discussed in Islamic jurisprudence’s books under the name of tabarru’at. In the tradition of Islamic jurisprudence studies, it include the terms sadaqah, waqf, gift, and hibah. Generally it is only associated with supplementary contribution. The objective of this paper is to re-evaluate the positioning of philanthropy and its categories according to Islam from hukm taklifi (defining law) perspective. This library research based on qualitative method analyses and synthesised materials collected inductively and deductively through the discipline of Usul Fiqh. This paper finds that placing philanthropy as mere supplementary is inaccurate. In essence, philanthropy encircle both supplementary and obligatory commandments. This is heavily weighted by domination between ta’abbudi and maslahah. Discussions about philanthropy from Islamic jurisprudence can also be traced from various chapters that can be redefined based on current requirement. Even more so when defining it contextually via micro and macro scale. If these basic elements from hukm taklifi (defining law) be properly understood, it can move the gear of Islamic Philanthropic world holistically and properly suited for contemporary civillization.
Filantropi adalah satu istilah yang agak baru di kalangan umat Islam. Begitupun dari sudut semangat pengamalan ia bukanlah sesuatu yang baharu, bahkan boleh disinonimkan dengan kedermawanan. Dalam tradisi pengajian fiqh Islam ia biasa diungkap merangkumi perkataan sedekah, waqaf, hadiah, hibah dan lain. Secara amnya ia biasa dikaitkan kepada pemberian yang digalakkan (sunat) sahaja. Justeru objektif penulisan ini adalah untuk menilai semula kedudukan filantropi dan pengkategoriannya menurut Islam dari perspektif perbincangan hukum taklifi. Kajian kepustakaan berasaskan kajian kualitatif ini menganalisis serta mensintesis maklumat-maklumat yang diperolehi secara induktif dan deduktif melalui penilaian ilmu Usul Fiqh. Kajian mendapati bahawa meletakkan ruang filantropi menurut Islam sekadar sesuatu yang berstatus sunat adalah tidak tepat. Hakikatnya elemen filantropi merangkumi status hukum wajib dan juga sunat. Hal ini banyak merujuk kepada dominasi aspek ta’abbudi mahupun maslahah. Perbahasan tentang filantropi menurut fiqh Islam juga boleh dikesan melalui pelbagai bab yang dibuat pengkategorian semula. Apatah lagi apabila ia dinilai dari konteks secara mikro dan makro. Hal-hal asas dari perspektif hukum taklifi ini jika difahami mampu menggerakkan dunia filantropi Islam secara holistik dan bersepadu sesuai dengan tuntutan peradaban semasa.
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